【作者】 张野；

【导师】 张荣明；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 专门史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 早在先秦时期,政治文化的“弥散性”与“典范性”就已然形成。“弥散性”表现为政治在社会生活领域里无孔不入,从而影响着人们的行为方式和生活模式,于是社会风俗就不仅仅是依据民众的生产生活需要而自发产生,而是在一定程度上伴随政治意识形态的走向而发生着变化。“典范性”则表现为对政治范例的尊重,既强调前世对后世的垂范性,又重视上层对下层的示范性。这两种政治文化特性使得“风俗”被赋予了如下政治内涵：风俗关联到政权的兴亡；风俗是衡量政治的标准；风俗是治国理政的内容；风俗与法制相辅相成。自先秦以来,风俗被纳入到政治范畴内予以观察、记录、评判和改造,由此而形成了“议政论俗”的文化传统,该传统在中国古代社会一直延续。在东汉至西晋这段历史时期,人们普遍关切社会风俗问题,由此也形成了关于风俗问题的种种论述。汉晋间风俗观念的主题是批判时俗与移风易俗,执政者的作风问题成为普遍关注的焦点,俭约之风与务实之风成为许多人的期待。在汉晋间社会生活中,政治在日常生活风俗中发挥了不小的作用,影响到日常生活的饮食、服饰、婚姻、丧葬等层面。政治对社会风俗的塑造作用主要通过“上层示范”、“道德教化”和“律令规整”三个路径来进行。上层示范主要体现为“君主示范”与“士人示范”,道德教化主要通过“学校教育”和“循吏宣化”来实现,律令规整则属于非常手段。社会风俗对政治具有反馈作用,风俗使及其他一些官吏在上层政治与社会风俗之间搭起了沟通的桥梁。在汉晋间的政治生活中,官员的举荐、弹劾与奖惩往往涉及风俗问题,皇权的波动、世族的经济状况与风俗的变迁具有一定的关联性,人物性格因素对风俗观念也具有一定的影响作用。从汉晋间风俗观念与政治实践的互动现象中,至少可以得到这样的启示：政治腐败是扰乱社会风俗的根源；整饬风俗应先从社会上层做起；社会风俗需要信仰作为支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the feature of Ancient Chinese political culture, the "permeation"(弥散性)and "model"(典范性)had been formed since the pre-Qin Dynasty. The "permeation"(弥散性)was reflected in the polity diffusing in social life and affecting people’s behavior way and the pattern of life, and therefore social customs not only based on people’s production and living needs, but also changed with political ideology in a certain extent. The "model"(典范性)was reflected in respects on the political example, emphasizing the example of past life on future generations and demonstration of the upper to the lower levels. This two feature made the "customs" be given political connotation:the customs was associated with the rise and fall of the regime; the customs was the standard of the political evaluation; the customs was one of the state affairs; the customs was complementary with the rule of law. Since the pre-Qin Dynasty, within the scope of polity, the customs was observed, recorded, evaluated and transformed, which formed the cultural tradition of discussion both polity and customs. This cultural tradition is the common phenomenon in Ancient Chinese Society.Because of the social customs issue was generally concerned about, there were many sundry views on customs from the Eastern Han to the Western Jin Dynasty. The theme of customs views is the criticism and alteration on current customs. The governor’s morale became the focus and the saving and pragmatic morale became many people’s expectation from the Eastern Han to the Western Jin Dynasty. The polity played a role in social life. The polity affected daily customs of diet, dress, marriage and funerals from the Eastern Han to the Western Jin Dynasty. The way of polity how to shape social customs is "upper echelons’demonstration ","moral education" and "the rule of law". The upper echelons’demonstration includes the monarch’s demonstration and the scholar’s demonstration. The moral education includes school education and Xunli’s propaganda. The rule of law is a special way.Social customs has a feedback effect on polity. The customs messengers and other officials set up a communication bridge between the polity and social customs. In the political life from Eastern Han to Western Jin Dynasty, the officials’ recommend, impeachment and reward often involve the customs issue. In the political life from Eastern Han to Western Jin Dynasty, the officials’recommend, impeachment and reward often involve the custom issue. The fluctuation of Imperial Power and the Aristocratic Families Economy has some relevance with the change of customs, and some people’s personality factors also have effects on the customs views. The Interaction phenomenon of the Customs Views and Political Practice from Eastern Han to Western Jin Dynasty, give us three points at least, which is:political corruption is the root of disturbing the social customs; customs reform should start from the upper social strata; social customs need faith as a support.更多还原