【作者】 冀英俊；

【导师】 张分田；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 专门史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 君臣关系是我国古代最重要的社会关系之一,也是研究传统政治的首要问题。本文之所以选择隋朝作为中国古代君臣关系研究的对象,一是基于隋朝在制度创立、思想完善以及历史地位等方面在中国古代历史上所呈现出来的重要性。二是鉴于隋朝在创立、速盛与速亡等方面所体现出来的特殊性。三是因为在过去的研究中,史界对隋朝全面性的探究,力度和深度都很欠缺,目前尚未发现从专门视角对隋朝君臣关系进行整体性的阐释及其类似的著作。笔者认为,这对于整体把握隋朝历史的政治动向,乃至于对整个中国古代君臣关系主要脉络的把握,都是一个值得重视的问题。从政治思想的角度阐释隋朝君臣关系的逻辑体系是本文研究的主要任务和重要内容。本文所关注者,并非是个别的君臣关系,而是从各个影响君臣关系的政治脉络,如天命、伦理、制度、行为、观念等层面,以思想为视角,全面、系统地考察隋朝君主与臣僚权力之间的结构与运作,并结合隋朝君主与前朝宗室、与皇室等几个特殊的君臣关系层面,从隋朝文、炀二帝的具体用人理论等政治实践的诸多层面和角度进一步对隋朝君臣思想进行印证,检视隋朝君臣之间的互动和博弈,捕捉隋朝君臣确立与速亡的特殊性和深层次原因。本文首先从哲理、伦理、制度、利益四个方面系统分析了影响君臣关系的四大因素,并论证了各种因素对君臣关系的双重影响。对哲理性因素的研究,除了从天命的角度阐述天立人君、君权天赋的理论基础外,还从星象、五行的变化对君臣关系的双重影响做了系统的探究。对伦理性因素的研究,着重分析了仁义、礼乐的道德规范和忠信、孝悌的行为规范对君臣关系的影响,并结合具体事例阐明了在出现忠孝难两全的选择性困境时的统治思想。对制度性因素的研究,从政治称谓、权力分配、礼制内容、法令内容以及君臣之喻的角度论述了制度性因素的几个层面,并分析了在政治制度的影响下,君臣权力的相互制约关系。对利益性因素的研究,从政治功名、政治权力、政治形势、物质利益以及生计问题的角度论述了利益性因素的几个层面,并分析了隋朝维护政治利益的方式和手段。在此基础上,本文还分析了隋朝与前朝宗室、与周边少数民族、与皇室、与“不臣者”四种特殊的君臣关系,以辨明隋朝君主在面对不同背景、不同成分的特殊臣僚群体时,所体现出的不同的政治思想与行为方式。接着本文从实践的角度和层面考察了文、炀二帝的用人思想及其特点,以做到理论与实践相结合。在系统研究隋朝君臣关系的基础上,本文还进一步分析了隋朝建立的偶然性和必然性,考察了隋朝速亡的原因等问题,深化了对隋朝君臣关系确立与速亡的思考,提出隋朝的速亡并非是统治思想理念的问题,只是在运行过程中因没有始终遵循而出现了偏向。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relationship between the Monarch and Subject is one of the most important social relations in ancient China, as well as the essential issue to be studied in traditional politics. This dissertation chooses the Sui Dynasty as the object of study on the Monarch-Subject Relationship (MSR) in ancient China on these bases:1. The importance of the Sui Dynasty in the establishment of social system, ideological improvement and historical status, etc.;2. The special nature of the Sui Dynasty’s foundation, rapid development and abrupt downfall;3. The strength and depth of comprehensive research among historians are in short supply. The systematic interpretation of the MSR in the professional perspective or the similar works has not yet been found. The author believes that it is a noteworthy issue with regard to a grasp of the overall political trend in the Sui Dynasty history, and even to the whole MSR in ancient China.To explain the logic system of the MSR politically and ideologically is the main angle and important content of this study. The emphasis of this dissertation is not on individual relationships, but the structure of the Monarch’s power and the structure and operation among the officials at court. It is, by means of ideology, a complete and systematic investigation and study according to the political threads that had various impacts upon the MSR, such as destiny, ethics, system, deportment, conception and so on. By combining with the political practice of many levels and aspects for the Emperors Wen and Yang’s specific personnel theories to make further evidence about the Monarch-Subject’s ideology in the Sui Dynasty, this dissertation parses the interaction and gaming, and captures the particularity and deep-seated reasons about the MSR establishment and abrupt downfall.This dissertation oriented the MSR in the Sui Dynasty, sift from the destiny, ethics, system and interests, respectively. An attempt is made to demonstrate the double impact of various factors on the MSR.like the study of philosophical factors. In addition to the fundamental theory of destiny that the Monarch was nominated&authorized by the Celestial, a systematic study is also made on the double impact of the changes on the MSR from "the configurations of the stars" and "the five elements originated from each other".The study of ethical factors focuses on the protocol and music, Monarch’s wisdom, loyalty, filial piety and other aspects that affected the MSR.The study of the system and interests is not only analyzed at several levels, but also the mutual restraint between the Monarch and Subject. Meanwhile it expounds the function of the system and interests of the MSR in the Sui Dynasty.On this basis, This dissertation make a further studies on the four special relationships between the Sui Dynasty and the following:former imperial clan, peripheral minorities, royal family and "non-loyalists", respectively, followed by an analysis and a summary, which identifies the Monarch’s reflections with administrative ideology and deportment in the face of special official groups with different backgrounds and ranks. Then, From the practical angle, This dissertation enriches a further review of the two emperors’personnel theories and their characteristics, so as to integrate theory with practice, where practice justifies theory, and theory determines practice.Based on the preceding summary, This dissertation brings forward some thoughts on the establishment and abrupt downfall of the Sui Dynasty, and concludes the contingency and inevitability for its establishment. The cause of the abrupt downfall was not the ruling idea itself, but the deflection only, because the ruling idea was not always followed in the process of operation.更多还原