【作者】 董定一；

【导师】 陈洪；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 游历活动作为中国古代一种常见的社会现象,具有重要的文化意义,这一点在以小说为代表的文学作品中表现的尤为突出：游历作为小说创作者喜用并善用的主题,广泛存在于明清两代不同时期、不同题材的小说之中。然而长久以来,学界对此类题材的研究和探讨仍有偏颇肤浅之处,尚显不足。本文在考察中即将游历小说这种较有特色的小说类型单独列出,从一个较长的时间段来系统的讨论它的文本特征以及发展趋势,在整体范围内廓清游历小说所统摄的各个类别之间的内在关系,为其重做定义与解读。全文共分五章。第一章主要对明前游历小说的流变历程进行扼要的回顾。本章分别以明清之前的各个历史时期为研究范围,对存在于这些时期内的游历小说分别予以简略的梳理和考察,以期把握游历小说的发展演变规律,认识不同文化语境下的游历小说的文本特征,初步确定游历小说在中国古代小说史中的存在价值；此外,在从整体上把握游历小说的既定规范的同时,也对少数典范作品的基本特征与美学风貌进行了阐释和论证。第二章主要论述以《水浒传》、《西游记》为代表的明代游历小说。纵观明清游历小说发展史,以侠客或神魔作为主角的游历小说可谓独树一帜,这与《水浒传》、《西游记》的垂范作用是分不开的。《水浒传》借传奇笔法来描绘现实、借游历情节来刻画侠客,作品艺术特征鲜明,基本奠定了后世侠游小说的创作范式,具有很高的审美价值与认识价值；而《西游记》在游历结构、域外描写乃至人物、情节、视点的设定等方面更是多有超拔众作之处。应该说,它们对后世《禅真逸史》、《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》等游历小说有着不可忽视的深远影响与示范作用。第三章主要讨论清代的游历小说。清代乃是中国最后一个封建王朝,亦是古代小说创作的最后一个黄金期,小说之大兴也带来了清代游历小说的迅速发展。随着时间的推移,清代游历小说所辖属的类别不断增多,才子佳人小说、弹词、神魔小说以及侠义小说中均不乏以游历情节结构故事的作品出现,其中就包括《镜花缘》、《野叟曝言》这样堪与《西游》、《水浒》相颉颃的游历小说杰构；此外,在明代一度沉寂的文言游历小说也在清代迎来了自己的高峰期,产生了一些质量较高的作品。第四章将晚清游历小说单独划出来进行讨论。晚清无疑是中国一个具备特殊意义的历史时期。在传统观念与启蒙思潮的共同作用下,出现于这一时期内的游历小说既在叙事模式、主旨内容等方面深受适时社会环境与文化风气的影响,具有了显著的创新意义,又与传统游历小说有着千丝万缕的联系。在晚清时期的历险小说、谴责小说、科幻小说乃至意在翻新旧文的神魔小说中,存在着大量以游历来结构情节的作品,其中最具代表意义者莫过于《老残游记》。受到文化氛围、历史背景等客观条件以及创作视野、审美情调等主观条件的共同影响,《老残游记》中的游历叙事既在某些方面摆脱了旧文体、旧思路的束缚,带有一定的现代性；又在某种程度上与传统游历小说存在着密切联系。通过对传统游历小说的继承与解构,晚清游历小说也确立了自身在游历小说史上不可或缺的地位。第五章借助比较文类学的视角来研究跨文化视域中的游历小说。本章重点对自十六世纪至二十世纪初的中西游历小说进行简明扼要的对照探讨,将具有典型意义的西方游历小说作为研究对象来与明清游历小说进行类型化的对比参照,继而对颇有相似之处的西方童话《绿野仙踪》与中国小说《西游记》中的游历叙事加以单独考析,以期全面比较二者之中游历叙事艺术特征的异同；此外,出于进一步认识中国游历小说独具的文体特征与文学意义的目的,本章还从自然环境、社会构造、文化风气、文学形态等方面入手,探幽抉微,对造成中西游历小说诸多差异的具体原因进行了分析讨论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Travels, as a common social phenomenon in ancient China, have important cultural significance and this point can be particularly shown in the literary works that represented by the novels. Travels as the themes that favored by the novelists, widely exist in the novels with different themes in Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, for a long time, there still exist some biased and superficial understandings about this theme in the researches and discussions of the literary world. Therefore, this paper will separately list the novels on travels which have distinctive characteristics to systematically discuss their text features and developing trend. Besides, this paper will aslo clarify the intrinsic relationships among all the categories that involved in the novels on travels within the overall scope, so as to redefine and reinterpret them in detail.This paper can be divided into five chapters:Chapter One mainly reviews the changing process of the novels on travels before Ming Dynasty. Taking all the historical periods before Ming and Qing Dynasties as the research scope, this chapter briefly analyzes the novels on travels during these periods, so as to grasp the evolving rules of these novels and understand their text features under different cultural backgrounds as well as preliminarily identify their values in the history of ancient Chinese novels. In addition, after grasping the established norms of the novels on travels in the overall context, this chapter also illustrates and demonstrates the basic features and aesthetic styles of some typical works.Chapter Two mainly discusses the novels on travels of Ming Dynasty that represented by Water Margin and A Journey to the West. Throughout the history of the novels on travels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the novels which take knight-errants or gods and demons as the leading roles can be considered as one unique style and they are not free from the influences made by Water Margin and A Journey to the West. Water Margin reveals the reality with legendary colours and depicts the knight-errants with travels. It has vivid artistic features and lays the foundation for the later creations of novels, possessing high aesthetic value and cognitive value. However, A Journey to the West has more advantages in the structures, and descriptions about exotic things and the design of characters, plotsand viewpoints, etc.. It should be said that both of them act as the exemplary roles and have profound influences on Chan Zhen Yi Shi and Xi Yang Ji and the other novels on travels.Chapter Three mainly discusses the novels on travels of Oing Dynasty. Oing Dynasty is the last feudal dynasty in China and also a last golden period of the ancient novels. The advocation of novels also brings the rapid development of the novels on travels in Qing Dynasty. With the passage of time, the categories ruled by the novels on travels in Qing Dynasty become various. Many different kinds of novels which take travels as the themes begin to appear, such as Flowers in the Mirrors and Ye Sou Pu Yan which are comparable with Water Margin and A Journey to the West. In addition, the novels on travels with classical Chinese styles also reach their peak Qing Dynasty and some works of higher quality appear.Chapter Four will discuss that travel novels in late qing dynasty out alone. Is China a special meaning in late qing dynasty period of history. In the conventional wisdom and enlightenment thoughts, under the joint action of traveling novel in this period both in terms of narrative mode, substance content by timely the influence of social environment and cultural atmosphere, with significant meaning of innovation, and connected with the traditional travel novels. In the late Qing Dynasty, there also exist a lot of travels in the adventure novels, the condemnation novels and the science novels and so on. The most representative one is The Travels of Lao Can. Influenced by the objective conditions (culture and historical background, etc.) and subjective conditions (creative vision and aesthetic approaches, etc.), the descriptions of travels in The Travels of Lao Can in some ways get rid of the bondage of the old styles and ways of thinking. In contrary, they have certain modernity and to some extent have close contact with traditional novels on travels. Through the inheritance and deconstruction of the traditional novels on travels, the novels on travels in late Qing Dynasty establish an indispensable status in the history of such novels.Chapter Five focuses on analyzing the novels on travels in the cross-cultural field from the perspective of comparative literature. Firstly, it breifly makes a comparison between Chinese and western novels on travels from the16th century to the early20th century. Then it takes the typical western novels on travels as the research objects to make a comparison with such novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Finally, it separately analyzes the travels in The Wizard of Oz and A Journey to the West, so as to comprehensively compare their similarities and differences in narrative characteristics. In addition, for further understanding the unique stylistic characteristics and literary significance of Chinese novels on travels, this chapter also explores the specific causes that resulting in a lot of differences between Chinese and western novels on travels from the natural environment, social structure, cultural background and literary styles and so on.更多还原