【作者】 杨荣庆；

【导师】 朱庆葆；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 1949年的沧海横流、惊惶动荡之中,一批反共的自由主义者觉得有振起舆论、挽救时局的需要,即希望通过创办报纸和杂志的形式,从思想上来与共产党作斗争。他们随着国民政府的百万军民撤离大陆,退守台湾。流离动荡之中,他们在台北创办了《自由中国》半月刊杂志,并以之为思想与政治阵地,一而高擎“反共抗俄”的旗帜,一而继续鼓吹“民主自由”的政治理念。雷震、殷海光等便是这个杂志的主要的负责人和撰稿人。胡适也曾一度被作为这个杂志的挂名发行人。在与国民党蒋氏政权度过了一段短暂的为“反共抗俄”而同声相应、同气相求的日子之后,《自由中国》逐渐张扬起自己的自由主义诉求,即开始向民众宣传自由与民主的真实价值,声言个人自由高于国家自由、主张言论自由、实行民主政治、成立反对党以监督一党专制,并且督促“政府”(各级的“政府”)切实改革政治经济、努力建立自由民主的社会。渡海来台的国民党政权在经过一番痛定思痛的反省之后,对国民党加以大力改造,非但没有实行民主政治,反而继续坚持一党专制的威权政治体制。随着朝鲜战争之后美国第七舰队的入驻台湾海峡及对台扶助政策,国民党政权走出风雨飘雨之后,加紧了对自由主义诉求的压制和打压,《自由中国》与国民党政权之间的歧见也便曰渐张裂而扩大,在经过《政府不可诱民入罪》、胡适辞职抗议信及《计划教育质疑》等几次风波之后,胡适脱却发行人衔名,雷震被注销国民党党籍,《自由中国》批评时政的尺度也便节节升高,亦更多碰触当权者的禁忌,尤其是“祝寿专号”的刊发和“今目的问题”栏目的开辟,刺破国民党政权假借“反攻复国”的口号而威权统治台湾的政治神话。国民党政权遂对《自由中国》进行全面性的围剿和围攻,罗织罪名,污蔑构陷。在反对修改“宪法”及反蒋三连任的舆论鼓吹失败之后,雷震终于走上与台湾地方政治人物结合,筹组新党的实际政治活动,这导致国民党当局的最大恐慌,也造成《自由中国》与国民党政权的最后决裂,《自由中国》因此遭到当局取缔,岛内这波自由主义运动也在雷震被捕入狱的悲剧中落幕。《自由中国》生命历程中的三位关键角色：胡适、雷震及殷海比,长期成为学界关注和研究的对象。胡适的消极退让使他“自由主义之父”的光环渐渐消褪而蜕变为一个“乡愿”,不仅在新党组建上无所作为,对雷案也失语噤声：雷震从“坐而论道”到“起而力行”的突破,是岛内自由主义群体从媒体论政走向组党参政的开端,为后来者树立了一个榜样：殷海光的奋槌梃击,义无反顾为他奠定了历史的声名,但也加速了《自由中国》的毁灭,并为自己遭遇迫害埋下了祸根,他们各自的命运对岛内后续的自由主义运动当有着相当的借鉴意义。《自由中国》对“一个中国”的坚持和省籍问题的关注值得后人深思,它将祖国大陆反抗威权统治的自由主义精神“横向嫁接”到台湾,兴起了岛内自由主义运动的声浪,并为后来的党外运动所“纵向传承”。雷震被捕和《自由中国》终刊,威权政治笼罩台湾社会,自由主义知识分子遭到压迫和迫害,但杂志所宣扬的自由民主理念并未就此熄灭,《文星》、《大学杂志》、《台湾评论》、《中国论坛》等刊物的接续出现,《自由中国》则是其重要源头。它们同样标举自由主义旗帜,在岛内播撒自由民生理念以及西方政党政治主张——即合法的有力的反对党的存在是监察、督促政治清明的良方。可见,《自由中国》充当了在台湾传播自由主义的先驱者的角色。更多还原

【Abstract】 In1949, when the country was in turmoil, a group of anti-Communist liberals felt the need to shake up the public opinion in order to save the current political situation. They looked forward to fighting against the Communist Party ideologically by the way of creating newspapers and magazines. Following millions soldiers and civilians of the national government, they retreated from the mainland and moved to Taiwan. Thus, they founded in Taipei the fortnightly magazine named "Free China" and regarded it as the ideological and political positions. One side, they held high the banner of anti-Communist and anti-Russia, and on the other side they continued to advocate their political philosophy of democracy and freedom. Lei Chen and Yin Hai-kuang are chief and main writer of this magazine. Hu Shin was once its nominal publisher.At the beginning."Free China" shared the same goal of anti-Communist and anti-Russia with the KMT regime of Chiang Kai-shek. However, after a short period of time, it began to assert their liberalism demands, publicizing the true value of freedom and democracy to the people, claiming that individual freedom is more important than that of the nation, advocating freedom of speech, implementation of democracy, set-up the opposition in order to oversee the one-party dictatorship, and urging the government (at all levels of government) to have effectively the political and economic reform and to establish a free and democratic society. After some bitter experience of self-examination, the KMT regime made strenuous efforts to reform the party. Instead of the implementation of democracy, the KMT embarked on a path of authoritarian political system and continued the one-party political dictatorship. With the outbreak of the Korean War. the U.S. Seventh Fleet settled in the Taiwan Strait. Thanks to the policy of aid Taiwan Government, the KMT regime came out of the precarious situation and stepped up the repression and the fight against liberalism demands. The difference between "Free China" and the KMT regime was gradually expanded. After several storm such as "The government can’t lure people into crime," Hu shih’s resignation and letter of protest, and "planning education challenge," Hu took the opportunity to get rid of the nominal publisher of "Free China", and Lei Chen was expelled from the Nationalist party."Free China" criticism of current affairs was also on-the rise. It continued to touch the authorities’taboo, especially the "birthday special issue" and the opening of "today’s problems" section, which pierced like a sharp dagger the political myth that the KMT regime rule in Taiwan under the guise of "counter-Zionist" slogans. The KMT then encircled and suppressed the "Free China" by means of cooking up charges and slandering. After the failure of fighting against the constitutional amendment and against Chiang Kai-shek’s third term, Lei Chen, finally, went onto the road of combination with Taiwan’s local politicians to form a new political party, which caused the greatest panic to the KMT authorities, and also resulted in the final break between the "Free China" and the KMT regime. Because of that,"Free China" was banned by the authorities. The campaign of freedom on the island carried out by the group of the liberal scholars ended with tragedy when Lei Chen was jailed.In the history of "Free China", three main characters should be mentionned: Hu Shi, Lei Chen and Yin Hai-kuang. They have long time been aimed and studied by the academic. Hu’s negative concession made his aura of "the father of liberalism" gradually fade and fall as a "hypocrite", for he offered nothing powerful not only in the set-up of the new party, but also in the "Lei Chen Incident"; from "sitting and pontificating" to "playing and exercising" Lei Chen set an example for the later and helped the traditional Chinese intellectuals who stop at the government and political discussion to organize a political party in order to participate in political affairs; Yin Hai-kuang’s tried his best to critic current affairs and laid the historical reputation, but it is also him that accelerated the destruction of the "Free China" and planted the seeds of suffered persecution of himself. Their respective fate had a considerable learning practical significance for the later liberals.The "Free China" magazine totally issued230, survived nearly11years, covering an era of the1950s in Taiwan. It is worth of pondering for the future generation on this magazine, thanks to its insistence on "one China" policy and its attention paid to provincial issues. It helped to "horizontally graft" the liberal spirit of fighting against the authoritarian rule which was "vertically transmitted" by opposition movements. Although Lei Chen was arrested and the "Free China" ceased to be published, which made the authoritarian politics envelop the whole society of Taiwan, and the liberal intellectuals oppressed and persecuted, the concept of freedom and democracy promoted by the magazine has never gone out. Many magazines, such as "Man Star"."University Magazine","Taiwan review," and "China Forum", can find their origins in "free China". They also hold high the banner of liberalism, sowed the concept of freedom and democracy and western political parties’claim on the island of Taiwan-that the legal existence of a vigorous opposition party is a unique recipe for the supervision for politics."Free China" played a role of pioneer in spreading the liberalism.更多还原