【作者】 付启元；

【导师】 张鸿雁；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 社会学（专业学位）， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 1949年,政权更迭之际,中国城市面临政治、经济、文化和社会的全面转型。城市解放以后,长期在农村战斗和工作的中国共产党在较短时间内完成了政权接管、稳定经济社会秩序等任务。由此,城市的命运被重新塑造,城市化的进程步入了一个新的历史时期。南京作为民国首都,在近代中国社会转型与变迁中扮演了重要角色。本研究以1949年前后的南京城市结构变迁为个案,主要采用文献研究法,尝试用历史社会学的视角,运用社会变迁理论、国家与社会理论等,分析城市政权变更与社会变迁的过程与特点。论文对这一历史时期的横断面进行详细解析,以历史大转折之年透视前后两个不同的历史时代,即强调重点年代,又不忽视与之相关的前后时期,从而使涉及的年代能够相互照应、联系,以系统地展示时代变迁的全貌。本文试图探讨和分析以下基本问题：即中国共产党长期战斗工作在农村,作为一种外来力量是如何成功嵌入城市社会的?是如何实现权力扩张的?如何改造和重构城市社会,解决一些棘手的社会问题?城市结构是如何转型与变迁的?社会变迁是一个长期的错综复杂的互动过程,是众多因素聚合与撞击的结果。“社会变迁是全方位的,宏观社会变迁包括意识形态、政治结构与经济结构的耦合”1。论文从宏观社会变迁的角度,以1949为切入点,对建国初南京城市的政治、经济、文化、社会结构变迁进行了研究。解放后,中共对南京城市进行了成功接管,在政权建设、经济建设、文化建设和社会改造等方面进行了卓有成效的工作。中共在对城市政务机构的接管和新政权的建设中,彻底摧毁国民党旧政权机构,构建了党政合一的一元化城市管理体制。新政权重建了社会基础,国家权力深入到基层社会领域,逐渐形成国家与社会一体化格局。在经济领域,重建金融与生产秩序,将官僚资本企业改造成国营企业并进行民主化改革,对私营工商业予以扶持和限制、改造,逐渐建立起社会主义经济结构,阶级结构也发生了根本性变化。对城市经济实施了初步的计划管理,发展方向由消费性城市向生产性城市转型。社会整合与改造方面,新政权努力解决失业、游民乞丐、娼妓、贩毒等现代化过程中极易出现的“城市病”,使旧社会长时间不能解决的一些社会问题得以成功治理。在社会组织变迁方面,新政权通过对社会组织的清理、改造与重建,实现了从“社会团体”到“人民团体”的转变。同时,新政权加强了对文化和意识形态的领导,通过文教机构的国有化和文化社团的官方化,建立了一个高度国家化的文化组织体系,由过去的多元文化向新时期的一元文化转型。主要体现在四个方面：一是中国共产党接管了旧南京的教育事业并对其进行了调整和改造,改革了教育内容和教育制度,形成高度集中统一的教育管理体制与单一专才教育模式。教育结构发生了根本改变,实现了教育机构的国有化。二是确立新闻宣传的新导向,私营传媒经过改造消亡和中共新闻体系的建立使新闻业经历了从旧时代向新时代的转型。三是改造旧文艺,建构了高度一元化、意识形态化的新文艺范式,实现造成了文艺的组织化与作家身份的嬗变。四是进行宗教革新,成功地实现了城市宗教团体的改造与转型,造成“洋教”本土化,实现国家对宗教界的有效组织控制。总之,1949年后的城市社会变迁主要依靠政治力量的推动,是一种有计划性的变迁。这种新社会是国家权力高度扩张,国家社会合为一体的社会。中国共产党通过清除旧的社会结构,并以原来的底层民众为核心重构了城市社会组织体系,建立了一个与国家意志高度一致的社会体系,第一次实现了对基层社会的有效整合与控制。其基本特征是社会管理组织化、社会整合动员化、社会生活政治化。中国共产党成功地做到了国家权力向社会各个领域的全面渗透,其深层原因在于国共两党整合社会的模式不同。建国初中国共产党建构的高度集中统一的城市管理体制有利于稳定社会秩序,治理社会问题,但造成了政府权力的边界无限扩张以及社会中间力量的萎缩,在相当程度上扼杀了社会的活力与自主性。更多还原

【Abstract】 In1949, the time of changing the regime, Chinese cities were facing the transition of political, economic, cultural and social. For the Communist Party of China that adhered to the long-term revolutionary struggle in the countryside, how to carry out effective urban governance in relatively strange city and maintain the social stability, is a severe test. After the liberation of the city, the Chinese Communist Party Took over the old city government, Stabled the economic and social order and other tasks, successfully carried out the transformation of society and Constructed the urban society that met goal of new social forms in a relatively short period of time. Thus, the fate of the cities were re-shaped and the process of urbanization entered a new historical period. Nanjing as the capital of Republic of China, played an important role in the social transformation and change about modern China. This study Took post-1949structural change of Nanjing city as a case, Analyzed the processes and characteristics when the urban regime and society were changed. The thesis tried to use the theories about Historical Sociology, Social Change,State and Society by literature study.It detailed the cross-section of this period,analyzed two different historical perspective era, without losing sight of the associated period before and after1949,so systematically showed the whole picture of the changing times. This article amply answers these questions: CCP worked and struggled in rural area long, As an external force,how did it successfully embed urban society? How to reform and change it and solve social problems? how to expand powers? How the urban structure were transformed and changed?Social transition is a long complicated process of interaction of many factors.It is the comprehensive coupling of ideology, political structure and economic structure. From a macro view of f social change, the paper took1949as the starting point to study political, economic, cultural, social structure about Nanjing city.After the liberation, the Communist Party of China successfully took over Nanjing city and got some achievements in the political construction, economic construction, cultural construction and social transformation. Communist Party of China completely destroyed the old national government agencies, built an unity of party unifying urban government. The new regime reconstructed the social base and the state power expanded into the grassroots society, gradually formed the integration pattern of state and society. In the field of economy.the new regime reconstructed financial and generative order. At the same time, the bureaucratic capitalist enterprises were transformed into state-owned enterprises and made democratic reforms, the private private industry and commerce were supported, restricted and transformed, a socialist economy was gradually established. Fundamental changes have taken place in class structure as well. It implemented the preliminary plan of urban economic management and the city development direction changed from the consumer to productive city transformation. In the aspect of social integration and transformation, the new regime made every effort to solve the so called "city disease" like unemployment, homeless beggars, prostitutes and drug trafficking which were easily appearing in the process of modernization. All of these solved the problems that couldn’t be solved for a long time when it was in the old society. In terms of the changes in social organization, the new regime carried out the transformation from "social groups" to "people’s community" by the means of the reform the reconstruction the cleaning of the social organization. At the same time, the new regime strengthened the leading to culture and ideology, and established a highly nationalist culture organization system by the nationalization of culture and education institutions and the officialization of culture organizations. It transformed the past diversity culture to the new period monism culture. It was mainly reflected in four aspects.First was the communist party of China took over the education career of old Nanjing and carried on the adjustment and reform on the education content and education system in order to get the formation of a highly centralized education management system and unitary specialized education mode which resulted to the fundamental changes in the education structure. So the nationalization of education institutions was achieved. Second was the establishing of the new orientation of news propaganda. The private media experienced the transition of journalism from the old to the new via modification death and the foundation of the news system of the communist party of China. Third was reforming the old literature. Highly unitary and ideological new literary pattern was constructed which caused the systematization of literature and the evolution of the writers’ identity. Fourth was the religious reform. The religious groups of the city were transformed which caused the localization of "the foreign religions",and they were controlled by the by the state.In one word, the social transition of the city mainly relied on political power to promote after1949. It was a kind of premeditated change. This new society was like that state power was highly expanded, the state and society were combined. The communist party of China established a social system which had a highly consistent national will for the first time and realized the effective integration and control of grass-roots society by removing the old social structure, and reconstructing city social organization system as the core of original bottom people. Its basic characteristics were the systematization of social management, mobilization of social integration, politicization of social life. The reason why the communist party of China successfully infiltrated state power into all areas of society was that the patterns were different between the communist party and the Kuomintang. At the beginning of the founding of China by the communist party, a highly centralized and unified urban management system was beneficial to stabilize social order, to solve social problems, but it would lead to the unlimited expansion of the boundary of the power of the government and the contraction of the intermediate power of society, stifled the vitality and autonomy of the society in a great extent.更多还原