民国上海同业公会价格协调研究

【作者】 严跃平；

【导师】 樊卫国；

【作者基本信息】 上海社会科学院 ， 经济史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 工商同业公会是由相同行业的企业组织成立的团体,是介于政府和市场之间的第三方力量,同业公会成为沟通政府和市场的桥梁,在近代上海社会经济中发挥过重要的协调和调解作用。价格协调是同业公会的重要经济功能之一。同业公会价格协调机制包括价格制定或产生机制、执行机制以及处罚机制。总体来说,1937年全面抗战爆发前,上海经济处于相对自由时期,政府管制较少。从旧式行会组织发展到新式工商同业公会,价格一直都是同业组织章程和业规中重要的内容。旧式行会组织如会馆和公所也曾起到价格协调的作用,它们直接制定行业价格,要求同业从业者必须严格遵守价格规定。如果同业有违反价格的行为,旧式行业组织采用多边惩罚机制,新式同业公会则也有相应的惩罚制度安排,从而可以比较有效的保持行业价格的相对稳定,有利于维持正常市场交易秩序。1937年之后,上海经历了非常特殊的论陷时期。孤岛时期,仍有部分同业公会继续开展价格协调工作,工部局和公董局要求同业公会配合当局的价格政策,同业公会价格协调与战前具有一定的相似性,都是在相对自由的经济环境下进行的协调活动。1941年上海全面论陷之后,经济形势发生巨大变化,汪伪政府出于统制物资的需要,在上海进行限价统制。同业公会成为配合限价的重要力量,它们组成同业联合会,是全国商业统制总会的基层组织。同业公会协调价格的方式与战前具有明显的区别,更多的体现在与政府的较量和博弈。1945年到1949年的四年时间里,由于恶性通货膨胀,政府试图通过限价达到稳定物价的目的。同业公会独立程度进一步减弱,在行业价格协调方面表现为与政府的妥协与抗争同时存在。棉纺业成为国民政府重点统制对象,研究棉纺业同业公会价格协调,可以发现协调价格的艰辛与曲折,同时也折射出同业公会行业自治权限的降低。在同时期,非重要行业领域的同业公会的价格协调表现完全不一样,它们可以比较自主的实现价格制定与执行过程,保留行业价格权限的完整性。民国以降,同业公会协调价格经历了自主、妥协和抗争的变化。自主主要体现在相对自由经济时期,同业公会的价格协调机制可以实现自我实施,博弈的主体包括同业公会和会员,行业组织的独立程度最高;妥协体现在政府统制经济时期同业公会与政府的博弈,同业公会按照政府的意愿实现行业价格的被动协调；而抗争则是因为同业公会也是利益主体,即使在经济统制时期,它们也有行业正常利益的诉求。以史为鉴,经济史上的同业公会价格协调,可以为当今行业协会提供有意义的借鉴,行业价格管理有利于弥补市场和政府失灵,有利于促进市场经济健康发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation analyzes the industrial trade association price coordination work during the period of Republic of China (Minguo) in Shanghai. The trade associations were the organizations including companies in the same industry. They were the third party and important communication bridge between the government and market. They played coordination roles during the period of time from1912to1949.Prices coordination was one of the key functions of trade associations. Price coordination mechanism included making, implementation and punishment mechanism. In Shanghai economic history,1937was a vital important year. With the change of political and social environment, the government controlled the macro economy from loose to tight. Generally, Shanghai economy was relatively free and was seldom regulated by the government before the year1937when war of resistance against Japan outbreak. Price was one of the key contents in trade association articles and rules. The old guilds such as Huiguan and Gongsuo played roles as price coordinators. They made prices and demanded the members comply with the rules. If the member violated the regulated price, guilds would punish him by multiple punishment mechanism, as well as industrial trade associations. But the latter’s punishment measures differentiated. Through the punishment actions, trade associations could stabilize the prices and maintain the normal market exchange order.But since1937, the year that Shanghai was occupied by Japanese Army, the city experience special period in history. From1937to December of1941, Shanghai was isolated, which was islet period. Trade associations still kept coordinating prices. The Municipal Committee and Conseil d’Administration Municipale de la Concession demanded trade associations to cooperate with their prices policies. The environment where trade associations coordinated prices before1937and the end of1941was alike, and the similarity was the relatively free economy.After December of1941, Shanghai was completely occupied, and the economy situation was changed largely. To control strategic materials, the Wang Jingwei Government controlled economy by price restriction seriously. Trade associations were the key units to cooperate government prices policies. They composed same industry union which was the basic organization for General National Business Control Commission. The way that trade associations coordinated prices was different from the time before the war. The difference mainly reflected in the relations between government and organizations. From the year of1945to1949, because of galloping inflation, the government tried to control prices by price limitation. The social status of trade association weakened further. Compromise and resistance do exist on the same time. Cotton and textile were the main controlled industries by the government. By the research of cotton and textile trade association, I concluded the process was very hard and the autonomous authority was narrowed. But during the same period, non-important industry trade associations played differently, and they could make and implement prices, so such associations had relatively complete authority of coordination.Since Minguo Era, trade associations’prices coordination experienced three stages:autonomy, compromise and resistance. Autonomy was mainly embodied in the free economy, and the price coordination was self-enforcing. The parties in the game were trade association and members, and the independence degree was the highest. Compromise happened during the game between government and associations, and the latter were forced to meet the need of government’s price policies. As an interest group, trade associations would strive for normal benefit even in the period of economy control, so resistance was inevitable.Drawing lessons from history, trade association price coordination in the history can bring references to nowadays new ones. Trade association price management could remedy market and government failure, and it’s beneficial to promote market economy.更多还原