财富与时间

【作者】 吴瑞敏；

【导师】 童世骏；

【作者基本信息】 上海社会科学院 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 《1857—1858年经济学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)是马克思最后问世的一部重要手稿。自1858年创作完成到1953年第一个德文重印本出版,《手稿》实际上经历了“百年孤独”,将近有一个世纪的时间都没有引起人们的重视。自1953年以来在六十年的《手稿》研究史上,形成了两个基本研究路径：一是围绕《资本论》解读《手稿》,此种研究路径的一个突出特点就是,它并不赋予《手稿》以“自主性”,而是将其视为《资本论》的一个草稿。二是按照《手稿》本身的逻辑解读《手稿》,此种研究路径最突出的特点就是,它将《手稿》视为一个相对独立的文本,并且认为其理论视野超出了《资本论》所能涵盖的范围。本文是对《手稿》开展“自主性解读”的一个初步的尝试。随着近年来人们对《手稿》研究和认识的不断深入,《手稿》的独特价值也日益被揭示出来。《手稿》被誉为是“马克思所有著作中最基本的著作”和“马克思成熟时期的代表作”；它“体现了最为丰富的马克思思想”,反映了“马克思成熟的政治经济学批判的实质与核心”,构成了“马克思理论发展过程中的中心”、“马克思思想的中心点”和“马克思革命思想的顶点”,标志着历史唯物主义的“彻底成熟”,“也是现时代理解‘未知的马克思’的一部最重要的文献”。在某种意义上,《手稿》堪称是重新思考和理解马克思的一座“思想富矿”。本文认为,在《手稿》茂如密林一般的思想迷宫中,蕴含着两条密切相关的思想线索：第一条思想线索沿“财富问题”而展开,通过这条线索,《手稿》不但展开了对资本主义社会的财富批判,而且揭示了未来社会的财富规定；第二条思想线索沿“时间问题”而展开,通过这条线索,《手稿》不但完成了对资本主义社会的时间批判,而且揭示了未来社会的时间规定。如果说第一条思想线索,即财富线索,构成了《手稿》批判的“明线”,那么,第二条思想线索,即时间线索,则构成了《手稿》批判的“暗线”。如果说财富批判(明线)是《手稿》对资本主义的“现象批判”,时间批判(暗线)则是《手稿》对资本主义的“本质批判”。从前者向后者的过度,实际上是《手稿》从对资本主义的“现象批判”向“本质批判”的一种内在的提升。借助第一条线索,《手稿》通过对商品、货币和资本这三种资本主义财富的社会存在形式的深入批判,揭示了商品的秘密、货币的质变和资本的界限,剥去了商品拜物教、货币拜物教和资本拜物教的神秘外衣,从而将资本主义财富生产方式的内在危机完整地呈现出来。与此同时,未来的社会主义应该树立什么样的财富观,这样一个根本性的问题也被凸现了出了来,并获得了某种程度的解答。借助第二条线索,《手稿》进一步揭示出商品、货币和资本的时间结构,从而将第一条线索所展示的财富批判逻辑提升到了时间哲学的高度。由此出发,《手稿》还对资本主义社会技术的时间结构和空间的时间结构展开深入的批判性考察,从而使得资本主义的历史暂时性在时间的地平线上被深刻地揭示出来。与此同时,未来的社会主义社会所具有的“自由时间”属性也被呈现出来,并使“自由时间”成为人们观察和考察未来社会的一个坐标。《手稿》所揭示的财富问题和时间问题仍然具有重要的当代意义。它对于我们认识当代中国所面临的财富创造和分配、自由时间与人的生存状态,乃至重新认识和理解中国特色社会主义三十多年的伟大实践等,均具有重要的参照价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Economic Manuscripts Of1857-1858(hereinafter, the Manuscripts) is the last important manuscripts of Marx. The Manuscripts didn’t attract people’s enough attention for one hundred years from1858to1953, actually it experienced the "one hundred years of solitude". In the sixty years of academic research on the Manuscripts, there has formed two basic approaches since1953:one is to interpret the Manuscripts around Capital, the prominent feature of this approach is regard the Manuscripts as a draft of Capital; The other is to interpret the Manuscripts according to the logic of itself, the prominent feature of this approach is regard the Manuscripts as a separate text, and think that it has more wide theory field than Capital. This thesis tries to interpret the Manuscripts autonomously.As people continuously research the Manuscripts in recent years, the unique value of the Manuscripts is increasingly being revealed. The Manuscripts was called "one of the most basic in all Marx’s works" and "the representative work of mature Marx", it "embodies the most abundant thoughts of Marx", reflects the essence of the mature Marx’s critique of political economy. The Manuscripts constitutes "the center in the process of Marx’s theory development" and "the center of the Marx’s thought" and "the apex of Marx’s revolutionary thought", this marked "completely mature" of historical materialism, and it is the most important document by which we can understand unknown Marx in the present era. In a sense, the Manuscripts Contains rich thoughts to rethink and understand Marx.This thesis argues that there is two closely related thought clues in the plenty of ideas of the Manuscripts:the first clue is the "wealth", according to this clue, the Manuscripts not only launched a critique to the wealth of the capitalist society, but also revealed the wealth rules of the future society. The second clue is the "time", according to this clue, the Manuscripts not only launched a critique to the time of the capitalist society, but also revealed the time rules of the future society.If the first thought clue (wealth clue) constitutes the "clear clue" of the Manuscripts, then the second thought clue (time clue) constitutes the "implicit clue" of the Manuscripts. If the clear clue is the critique to some phenomena of capitalism, then the implicit clue is the critique to the capitalism in essence.With the first clue, the Manuscripts through the critique to the commodity, currency and capital reveals the secret of commodities, alienation of currency and limits of capital, and strips the mystery of commodity fetishism, currency fetishism and capital fetishism. At the same time, what kind of wealth view should be established in the future society, such a fundamental problem has also been highlighted, and received solution to some extent.With the second clue, the Manuscripts further reveals the time structure of commodity, currency and capital, thus the logic of critique to wealth will rise to degree of time philosophy. Further, the Manuscripts also critically studies on the time structures of the technology and space in capitalist society, and this makes the Manuscripts can reveal the temporality of capitalism in history. At the same time, the attribute of free time in the future society is present, so "free time" becomes a coordinate of observing and studding the future society.The wealth problem and time problem revealed by the Manuscripts still have important contemporary significance. It is important for us to understand the problems of wealth creation and distribution, free time and people’s living conditions in contemporary China, and also there is important reference value even to reinterpret the great practice of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.更多还原