自由民族的自由联盟

【作者】 门小军；

【导师】 徐觉哉；

【作者基本信息】 上海社会科学院 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 民族问题呈现出增多、趋强态势,迫切要求我们重新考察中国共产党民族理论与政策的历史与现实。如此,既可以厘清马克思主义经典思想家的民族理论,以达到正本清源的目的,也可以重新认识民族区域自治制度得以确立的必然性和必须进一步加以完善的必要性,更可以为中国特色社会主义理论体系建设添砖加瓦。从历史的角度看,中国共产党的民族理论和政策都直接来源于列宁,具体则是列宁的民族自决权思想、“自由民族的自由联盟”思想和联邦制国家思想。民族平等与民族联合统一而不可分割,“自由民族的自由联盟”乃是列宁民族问题纲领的核心要义所在,而联邦制共和国则是苏联各“自由民族的自由联盟”的形式。列宁的民族理论与政策之所以能够为中国共产党所接受,一是因为苏俄为推动世界革命而主动对中国支部施加了影响；二是因为中国共产党早期领导人为争得民族自由,意识到资产阶级民族自决权的虚假性和列宁民族自决权理论的“见解正确”,转而完全接受了列宁的民族理论和政策；三是因为中国共产党早期领导人在理论层面原本就不排斥联邦制,认为其不一定就不好。受列宁民族理论与政策的影响,1921—1937年间,中国共产党在许多宣言、决议案、党纲草案和指示信等规范性文件中都坚持了列宁的民族自决权理论、联邦制国家理论和“自由民族的自由联盟”理论,但其既强调民族自决权,又强调民族的自由联合的民族问题纲领之理论逻辑上的矛盾性也在实践中暴露无遗,陷入进退失据的迷茫状态。直到中共六届六中全会,中国共产党方才认识到,列宁民族问题纲领的精髓是民族平等和民族联合,并基于此在抗日战争时期和解放战争时期,逐步对民族问题纲领和政策进行了调整,先是将国内各民族实行分离成立独立国家,然后又将建立联邦制国家排除在民族自决权的实现形式之外,最终确立了民族区域自治制度,从而摆脱了1921—1937年间中国共产党民族问题纲领在实践中所出现的困境。李维汉则从马克思列宁主义民族理论的视角分析指出,作为马克思主义处理民族问题的基本政策,民族区域自治可以保证“各民族平等的联合”,联邦制并不适宜于中国。关于联邦制为何不适宜于中国的问题,除了李维汉的分析框架外,中国缺乏近现代意义上的地方自治传统也是一个极为重要的原因。关于如何看待西方古典民族自决权理论的问题,由于其会导致民族纷争不断,因而列宁的民族自决权理论和现代民族国家理论的产生都可以看作是对其的修正在中国共产党民族理论与政策的实践层面,中国共产党采取了一系列举措来保障各少数民族在法律上和事实上的平等权利,并取得了很大成就。然而,在自治机关的民族化问题上,民族自治区行使自治权与上级人民政府领导在理论层面上的辩证统一关系,在实践中通常会被过于强调领导、不重视自治的现实所削弱,而出现理论上与实践上的悖论问题,要解决之,就只能从更大的视野,亦即完善和改进中国社会主义民主的视野去看待和考量。民族间事实上的不平等问题还突出地存在着,克服的办法不在于放弃现有对少数民族的优惠照顾政策,而是坚持和完善之。至于由此所引发的关于未来民族政策方向的争论问题,本文则认为,目前的中国还不能摒弃第一代民族政策,而完全推行第二代民族政策,整合两代民族政策可能更加符合实际情况。更多还原

【Abstract】 National problems present more and strong trend, is pressing for us to review the history and reality of the national theory and policy of the communist party of China. So, can not only clarify national theory of marxism classical thinkers, to achieve the purpose of clearring up the origin of the theory, also be able to rethink the necessity of regional national autonomy system is established and must be improved, in further can do more for the construction of theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.From a historical point of view, the national theory and policies of the communist party of China are directly derived from Lenin, concrete is Lenin’s national self-determination thought,"free coalition of free nation" thought and federal state thought. National equality and national union unified and indivisible,"free coalition of free nation" is the core essence of Lenin’s national problem program, the federal republic is the form of "free coalition of free nation" of all Soviet nation. Lenin’s national theory and policy were able to accept by the communist party of China, first because of Soviet Russia to promote world revolution, imposing active impact on the China branch; senond because of the early leaders of the communist party of China to fight for national freedom, awared of the falsity of the bourgeois national self-determination thought and the correctness of Lenin self-determination thought, and fully accepted the Lenin’s national theory and policy; third because of the early leaders of the communist party of China never rejected federalism in theory level, think it was not necessarily bad.Influenced by Lenin’s national theory and policy, during1921-1937, in many normative documents, such as declarations, draft resolutions, party platforms and directions, the communist party of China insisted on Lenin’s national self-determination thought, federalism state thought and "free coalition of free nation" thoutht, but the logic contradiction between national self-determination thought and all nation’s free coalition thought was also exposed in practice, national problems program fell in confused situation. Until the sixth plenary session of the communist party of China, the communist party of China had realized that the essence of Lenin’s national problems program is the national equality and nation unity, and based on this in the Anti-Japanese War and liberation War period, gradually to adjust national problems program and policy, firstly made domestic nationalities separated into an independent country, and secondly made federalism state left out of the realization form of the national self-determination, finally established the system of regional national autonomy, consequently got rid of dilemma in practice of communist party of China’national problems program during1921-1937.From the perspective of the marxism-leninism national theory, Only Li Weihan pointed out that, as a basic policy for marxist dealing with national problems, regional national autonomy could ensure "equal coalition for all nation", federalism is not suitable in China. In regard to why federalism does not suitable in China, besides li Weihan’s analysis framework, insufficiency of local self-government traditional in the sense of modern times is also a very important reason. In regard to how assesses on western classical national self-determination theory, because it ususlly leads to national strife, Lenin’s national self-determination theory and the generation of modern nation-state theory all can be regarded as the correction.In the practice level of the national theory and policy, the communist party of China has adopted a series of measures to safeguard the equal rights of minorities in law and in fact, and made great achievements..However, in nationalization issue of self-government organs, the dialectical unification relations between the exercise of autonomy for national autonomous region and the leadership of higher people’s government at the theoretical level, is typically weakened by the reality that excessively emphasis on leadership and do not pay attention to the autonomy, leading to paradox problems of theory and practice. To solve it, can only from the larger field of vision, that is, from the perspective of improving and perfecting the China socialist democracy to look at and consider. Facto inequality between nations also highlighted there, the solution is not to abandon the existing policy of preferential treatment for minorities, but uphold and improve it. Regard as the debate problems about the future direction of national policy, this paper argues that the current China can not abandon the first generation national policy, fully implement the second generation national policy, the integration of two generation national policy might be more suitable for China’s actual situation.更多还原