国际移民的经济与政治影响

【作者】 罗爱玲；

【导师】 潘光；

【作者基本信息】 上海社会科学院 ， 世界经济， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 主流的国际经济学理论认为,商品和生产要素在全球范围内跨国界的自由流动不仅有利于生产要素的合理配置,而且最终将导致生产要素的报酬均等化,消除国家与国家之间的贫富差距,。同时,经济的全球化不仅应当包括商品和资本的自由流动,还应当包括劳动力的自由跨国迁移。因为劳动力的国际流动正如商品和资本的自由流动一样,有利于增加世界经济的总产出,提高资源配置的效率和社会的福利水平。然而,自由移民的结果虽然能够增加世界经济的总产出,但却并不是一个帕累托改进,因为存在着政治上的制约因素。在当前的资本主义世界体系中,主权国家的存在成为了阻碍国际移民自由流动的根本原因。主权国家的存在是以劳动力市场的分割和对自由移民的限制为前提的,这样就形成了资本主义全球化过程中要素流动的不对称现象。正是由于因经济全球化而出现的移民跨界流动和以民族国家为本位的世界政治体系之间的矛盾和冲突,才使得跨国移民在具有政治属性的国家和经济属性的市场之间不断地游走与徘徊。而且移民接受国在处理移民问题时,在受到国内利益集团和主流社会的强大压力下,通常会在移民的经济与政治属性间偏向后者,这在欧洲国家处理穆斯林移民时的政策选项上最为突出。针对不断凸显的穆斯林移民问题,目前欧洲社会主要存在三种观点：第一种观点认为,伊斯兰文化与欧洲单一的同质性文化之间的差异,是引起穆斯林移民问题日益突出的主要原因,并导致了多元文化政策的失败；第二种观点认为,欧洲主流社会对穆斯林移民所带来的文化与宗教多样性的容忍度不够,才导致了双方矛盾与冲突的升温,因此继续实行同化与整合政策,才是解决穆斯林移民问题的根本；第三种观点是主张通过经济手段来使穆斯林移民整合进欧洲社会。该观点认为,是经济因素,而非宗教文化因素,才导致了欧洲穆斯林融合政策的失败。这个经济因素就体现在,由于穆斯林移民的受教育水平低、从事的是低技能工作,因此导致他们的失业率远远高于欧洲国家本土公民,从而难以融入主流社会。欧洲的历史一直是建立在移民的基础上。由于出生率下降和人口老龄化,要维持社会的发展,欧洲就必须尝试与移民谋求共存与发展,欧洲文化的多样性是历史的必然。只有欧洲主流社会从内心里认同伊斯兰宗教文化,将穆斯林移民视为平等的一员,并努力通过教育、福利和经济增长等方式,来提高穆斯林移民的收入水平,才能避免穆斯林移民问题的进一步恶化。因此,未来的新欧洲应该以“公平准则”作为新的公民身份认同的依据,而非传统的以“种族”为核心的整合依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mainstream international economics theory holds that the free flow of goods and factor of production on a global scale is not only beneficial for the rational allocation of factors, but also will eventually lead to equal remuneration of the factor of production, even can eliminate the gap between the rich and poor countries. Meanwhile, the globalization of the economy should not only include the free flow of goods and capital, but also should include the free movement of labor. As the free flow of goods and capital, the free migration of labor between countries can improve the efficiency of resource allocation and social welfare level.Although free migration can increase the total output of the world economy, it is not a Pareto improvement, because there are political constraints. In the capitalist world system, the presence of sovereign states has become the root of impeding the free flow of international migration. The existence of sovereign states is based on the premise of labor market segmentation and restrictions on liberal migration, thus forming the asymmetry of factor mobility in the process of capitalist globalization. It is just because of the contradictions between the immigrants’ cross-border movement under the background of economic globalization and the world political system with the nation-state at its center, thus makes the transnational migration wandering between states and markets. Furthermore, under the strong pressure of domestic interest groups and the mainstream society, the immigrant-receiving countries always prefer the political choice when dealing with migration-related problems. The European countries also adopt the same policy on the Muslim immigrants’ issues.Scholars and mainstream society debating Muslim immigrants are essentially divided into three warring camps. The first camp holds that the problems associated with Muslims and integration in Europe are rooted in the difference between Islamic culture and the homogenous-culture in Europe, so multiculturalism does nothing to the integration of Muslims; The second camp holds that the problems are rooted in the European Mainstream’s intolerance and hostility to diversity, so enforce assimilation is still the best method to solve the Muslim issues; The third camp holds that the economic element, namely the high unemployment levels of Muslim immigrants in Europe, is the basic reason for the failure of the integration.The history of Europe has been built on the basis of migration. Due to the declining birth rate and an aging population, it is necessary for Europe to live in harmony with migrants in order to maintain its social development. It’s also a historical necessity to keep the cultural diversity for Europe. Only the mainstream European society identify the Islamic culture from the bottom of heart, treat the Muslim immigrants equally, try their best to enhance Muslims’ income by education, welfare and economic growth, can it avoid further deterioration of Muslim issues. Therefore, the future of a new Europe should take "Fair Standards", rather than "Race", as the base for the construct of a new citizenship.更多还原