【作者】 葛文；

【导师】 张宏飞；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学 ， 地球化学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 地质和农业的关系非常密切。开展基于特定地质背景的特色农产品地球化学研究,不仅可以因地制宜发展特色农业,而且还可以为调整特色农产品的产业布局,扩大优质特色农产品的种植,加快标准化绿色农业的发展,提高农业的经济效益,增加农民收入,以及实现现代高效优势农业可持续发展等提供科学依据。山东烟台地区气候良好,四季分明,是中国主要苹果产区之一。本文以不同地质单元成十母质的种植区为研究对象,系统采集典型种植区岩石、土壤(根系土、剖面土)、水、苹果根、茎、叶、果等样品,结合研究区面上土壤地球化学调查结果,研究了苹果种植区地质背景及地球化学特征,查明了岩石-土壤-植物系统中元素的分布及迁移转化特征,采用层次分析法建立了研究区土壤肥力质量和环境质量的评价模型,并对研究区土壤质量进行评价,提出了基于苹果中有机营养组份为主体的聚类分析与层次分析法结合的苹果品质评价方法,建立了基于苹果中特征元素组合与土壤-植物体系的相关性的苹果种植适应性评价模型,获得了如下认识和成果：1、不同地质单元母岩化学组成差异明显,不同成土母质种植区的苹果品质差异显著。经过风化成壤作用,土壤中的元素含量有均匀化的趋势,不同地质单元母质土壤中元素含量差异程度较成土母岩有所降低。总体来看,研究区十壤的化学组成与中国东部平原土壤相比,富含Na、Se、Au、Sr等元素,而B、Mg、Ca等元素严重缺乏。四项重要的营养组分K、N、P、有机质在研究区表现为在表层土壤中含量较高,其中有机质表现最为明显。2、对元素有效态影响因素的研究表明：土壤中P、Ca、Cu、Mn等元素含量是其有效量的重要控制因素；土壤酸碱度对B、K、Fe、Ca有效度有显著影响；有机质含量高有利于B、K、Fe等元素的活化,从而增加其有效量；氧化还原电位与有效B和有效Fe呈现良好的正相关关系。对不同母质土壤剖面的研究表明,土壤中元素迁移受所属不同地质单元岩性所控制,不同母质深层土壤和表层土壤中的元素组成有所不同。3、运用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数对研究区水化学及水质进行评价,表明区内水质优良,受重金属污染程度低。4、元素在岩石-土壤-植物系统的迁移规律研究表明：主量元素Fe203和MgO向土壤中迁移能力较强,CaO的迁移行为则与不同地质背景单元相关；重金属及B、Se等重要元素向十壤中的迁移十分明显,在表层(A层)中含量最高；元素在苹果根、茎、叶、果的分布为B、Ca、Mn、Cu、As、Pb表现为在叶中明显富集,从根部到茎到叶含量依次升高的趋势,果实中的含量最低；Na、Co、Mo和稀土元素表现为根部的明显富集。土壤-植物体系中砷的形态迁移规律为,植物的根部吸收十壤中的砷,并在根部发生了As(Ⅴ)→As(Ⅲ)的还原,主要是植物体内谷胱苷肽类的还原性硫醇类物质的脱硫反应将As(V)转化为As(Ⅲ)；而砷由植物的根部向上迁移过程中,As(Ⅲ)的比例逐渐降低,这是由于植物的自我保护作用,尽量避免毒性较高的As(Ⅲ)在植物细胞及组织中的存在,而在植物的叶子中有一甲基砷(MMA),这是砷在向上运输过程中在植物叶子中发生了甲基化作用,植物的枝叶败死后落丁根系土,从而完成了土壤-植物体系中砷的循环与迁移。5、采用层次分析法建立了研究区十壤肥力质量和环境质量评价模型,评估结果表明：土壤肥力质量为丰富级别(评估得分值在0.7以上)的比例为19.2%,土壤肥力质量为适量级别(评估得分值在0.3～0.7之间)的比例为61.3%,土壤肥力质量为缺乏级别(评估得分值在0.3以下)的比例为19.6%。土壤环境质量为一级的比例为38.1%,二级的比例为26.1%,三级的比例为35.9%。综合土壤肥力质量和土壤环境质量对研究区地球化学的评估结果,表明：十壤综合评估为优质的比例为7.3%,优良的比例为45.0%,良好的比例为11.9%,中等的比例为28.2%,差等的比例为7.7%。6、基于苹果中有机营养组份,采用聚类分析与层次分析法结合,利用隶属函数进行计算,建立了苹果品质层次结构分析评价方法。结果表明：桃村、村里集、蛇窝泊苹果品质最佳(得分值在0.7以上)：武宁、官道、臧家庄苹果品质良好(得分值在0.5至0.7之间)；潮水、牟平、臧家庄大北桥种植区苹果品质一般(得分在0.5以下),研究结果与野外实地考察结果具有较好的一致性。7、以影响苹果品质特征为出发点,探讨苹果中特征元素组合与十壤-植物体系的相关性,建立了基于特征元素组合的评价模型,对研究区苹果种植适宜性进行评价。结果表明：研究区最适宜、适宜、一般适宜种植苹果的面积比例分别为42.6%、49.4%、8.0%。以砂岩、片麻岩、花岗岩为母质的壤土区是苹果种植的最适宜区,以灰岩、二云母片岩为母质的壤土区为苹果种植一般适宜区。总体上苹果适宜种植的土壤是砂十、麻砂棕壤,尤以十层厚、土壤质地疏松、持水保肥性好的砂质壤十为最佳,粘性过重或大量粗砂砾壤土则不适宜苹果种植。更多还原

【Abstract】 An intimate relationship exists between Geology and agriculture. Geochemical investigation on specific geological backgrounds for the agricultural products not only can help develop characteristic agricultural products suitable for the local conditions, but also camprovide scientific references for industrial design of characteristic agriculture, enlarge the planting areas of high quality characteristic agricultural products, and facilitate the development of standardized green agriculture; thus we can improve the economic output of agriculture, increase peasant’s income, and finally achieve an efficient, sustainable development of modern characteristic agriculture.Yantai area in Shandong province has a good climate, and four seasons are distinct. This area is one of the main apple producing areas in China. This study targeted the growing areas with different geological backgrounds, and related samples such as rocks, soils (the root system soils, profile soils), waters, the apple tree roots, stems, leaves and fruits were systematically collected. Based on the geochemical survey results of soils in study areas, we studied the geological background and geochemical characteristics of apple planting areas as well as the distribution of elements and their migration transformation in the rock-soil-plant system. Through analytic hierarchy processing, this study established an evaluation model for the soil fertility and environmental quality of the studying areas; furthermore, the study proposed an apple quality evaluation method which combined cluster analysis and analytic hierarchy processing with consideration of the organic nutrition components in apples as the main index. An evaluation model for apple planting adaptability was proposed based on the relevancy between characteristic elements in apples and soil-plant system. The main results were summarized as below:1. The chemical compositions of parent rocks in different geological units are significantly of difference. The quality of apples in different growing areas with different soils also is different. Because of the soil weathering and formation processes, the element concentration in soils tend to be homogenized, and the extents of difference in element concentrations in soils are smaller than those in their parent rocks. Overall, relative to the soils in China Eastern plain, the soils in study areas are rich in Na, Se, Au, Sr etc., and strongly lack in B, Mg, Ca etc. The most important nutritional components, K, N. P and organic matter are low in contents in the bottom soils but much higher in the surface soils(especially for the organic matter) in study areas.2. Investigation on active forms of elements suggests that the total contents of P, Ca, Cu, and Mn etc. in soils are important control factor for activity these elements. The pH of the soil has notable effect on the active forms of B, K. Fe and Ca. The high content of organic matter benefits the activation of B, K and Fe, accordingly in turn increasing the effective quantity. The redox potential has a positive correlation with the quantities of available B and Fe. Investigation on different parent soil profiles shows that the element migration in soils was controlled by lithology in the specific geological units, and the element compositions in deep soil and surface soil of different parent materials are different.3. By using single factor pollution index and Nemero index, this study evaluated the water chemistry and water quality in study areas. The results shows that the water quality in the areas is good, and the degree of heavy metal pollution is low.4. Investigation on the elemental migration in the rock-soil-plant system showed that the migration abilities of the major elements of Fe2O3and MgO to the soils are strong, and the migration behavior of CaO is associated with different geological background unit. The migration of heavy metals and other important elements, such as B and Se, to the soil is very obvious, and the highest concentration is in the surface layer (layer A). B, Ca, Mn, Cu, As and Pb were significantly enriched in the leaves with increasing tendency from the root to stem, to the leaf and the lowest content in the fruit. Na.Co,Mo and rare earth elements were significantly enriched in roots. Plant roots took arsenic from the soil, and in the roots As (V)→As (111) reduction occurred because of the desulfurization reaction of glutathione reducing thiols in the plants. In the migration of arsenic upward in plants, the proportion of As (Ⅲ) decreased due to plants’ self-protection function, which tends to avoid the higher toxicity of As (Ⅲ) to the plant cells and tissues. However, there was existing monomethyl arsenic (MMA) in the plant leaves. This was due to the methylation during the upward transport process of arsenic. When dead leaves drop into the root soils the cycle and migration of arsenic in the soil-plant system are completed.5. By using analytic hierarchy processing, this study proposes an evaluation model for soil fertility and environmental quality. The assessment results show that the area ratio of soil fertility quality in rich level (assessment score value is above0.7) is19.2%. The area ratio of the quality of soil fertility in the moderate level (ranges from0.3to0.7) is61.3%. The proportion of soil fertility quality in poor level (<0.3) is19.6%. For soil environmental quality assessment, area ratios at first, second and third level are38.1%,26.1%. and35.9%, respectively. Combining the assessments of soil fertility quality and soil environmental quality, the geochemical study indicates that the soil areas in high, excellent, good, moderate and poor qualities are7.3%,45.0%,11.9%,28,2%and7.7%, respectively.6. Based on the organic nutrients in apple, by using cluster analysis and analytic hierarchy process and calculating the membership function, this study propose the hierarchy of apple quality analysis and evaluation. The results suggest that the apple quality for Taocun, Cunliji, and Shewopo villages (score value is above0.7) is the best; that for Wuning, Guandao, Zangjiazhuang villages (score value is between0.5and0.7) is good; for Chaoshui, Mouping, Zangjiazhuangbeidaqiao villages (score value is below0.5) is general. Research results are well consistent with field inspection results.7. By studying geochemical characteristics which affect apple quality, this study explored the correlation of characteristic elements in apple and the soil-plant system, and proposed an evaluation model based on the combination of characteristic elements, and the model was then used for evaluating the planting suitability of the study areas for apples. The results indicated that the42.6%,49.4%and8.0%areas are most suitable, suitable, generally suitable, respectively, for growing apples in study areas.Areas where the parent materials were sandstone, gneiss and granite are the most suitable for apple planting, while areas where the parent materials were limestone and mica schist are only generally suitable for apple planting. In general, the most appropriate planting soils for apple production are those from sand and Ma sand brown, and especially those with thick sandy loam, loose soil texture, and good property for holding water and fertilizer. Soils which are too sticky or contain massive coarse gravels are not suitable for apple production.更多还原