【作者】 郭军；

【导师】 王家传；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 近年来，随着我国农村金融体制改革的深入，农村金融服务质量及水平已有较大改善。但是，农村金融整个服务体系的建设与加快农村经济发展的要求相比仍存在较大差距，机构网点覆盖率低，体制机制不完善，服务供给不充分，特别是农民“贷款难”的问题仍没有得到根本性改变，严重制约了“三农”的发展。因此，自2006年以来，我国启动了新一轮农村金融体制改革，按照“低门槛、严监管”原则，引导各类资本到农村地区投资设立村镇银行、贷款公司、农村资金互助社和小额贷款公司等新型农村金融机构，以此增加农村地区金融供给。从全国情况看，六年多的试建与发展所取得的成效佐证了此项改革举措的应时性。然而，四类新型农村金融机构在其试建营运发展中依然面临许多困难或障碍。因此，深入研究新型农村金融机构的可持续发展问题，对于深化农村金融改革，提升农村金融服务水平，建立普惠性金融体系，支持“三农”和小微企业的发展，具有重要的理论价值和实践指导意义。本文综合运用调查法、实证分析与规范分析相结合、整体分析与案例研究相结合等研究方法，梳理了国内外关于微型金融机构可持续发展理论方面的最新研究成果，科学界定了我国新型农村金融机构可持续发展的内涵与外延，归纳与比较借鉴了国外典型微型金融机构可持续发展的经验；全面分析了新型农村金融机构运行现状，分析了它们在发展过程中存在的主要问题；构建了新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力评价指标体系，利用调研数据，以小额贷款公司为例，对新型农村金融机构的可持续发展能力进行了实证分析，剖析了制约其可持续发展的问题的成因；最后，系统阐明了有效提升新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力的对策。主要研究结论如下：⑴世界各国的发展经验表明，微型金融对于农户乃至整个国家经济的发展异常重要。国际上一些已成功实现可持续发展的典型微型金融机构的主要成功经验是：①以市场需求为导向设计产品和服务，提高竞争优势；②采用市场化利率；③利用商业化渠道融通资金；④政府支持是微型金融获得成功的关键；⑤商业上的可持续经营是微型金融机构发展的趋势。⑵自2006年底以来，我国在农村地区开展新型农村金融机构试点建设工作，四类新型农村金融机构的试建与发展，有效地缓解了农村地区银行业金融机构网点覆盖率低、金融供给不足、竞争不充分等问题。新型农村金融机构有助于缓解信息不对称现象、降低交易成本、促进契约的有效执行、促进社会经济效益的增加，同商业银行相比，具有较高的市场效率。⑶通过对山东省辖内新型农村金融机构发展现状调查发现，其发展势头良好，尤以小额贷款公司发展最为迅猛。同时，在发展过程中也面临许多障碍：①资金来源渠道狭窄；②社会认同度较低，提供的信贷产品和服务单一，服务对象多是“次级”客户，运营成本高昂，导致盈利能力有限；③内控机制不够建全，面临的风险较高；④人力资源状况堪忧；⑤国家政策扶持力度不够等。⑷在构建了新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力评价指标体系基础上，以山东省小额贷款公司为例，对新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力进行了实证分析。分析结果表明小额贷款公司可持续发展能力相对偏低，影响其可持续发展能力的主要因素排序为：规模扩张能力、盈利能力、安全性、外部环境以及人力资源等。⑸在对造成新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力低下的内外部原因进行分析的基础上，有针对性地提出了提高新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力的对策：第一，增强新型农村金融机构自身可持续发展能力。主要措施有：①准确进行市场定位，创新金融产品和服务，提高核心竞争力；②建立合理高效的人力资源管理体系；③完善公司治理结构，健全风险管控体系，提高公司治理水平；④塑造良好品牌形象，提高新型农村金融机构美誉度。第二，优化新型农村金融机构的外部环境。包括：①科学扶持，营造公平的竞争环境；②加强农村金融法律体系建设；③创新监管模式，提升监管水平；④完善农村信用体系和风险补偿机制，构建良好金融生态环境。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, with the further reform of China’s rural financial system, the quality andlevel of rural financial services have been greatly improved. However, there still remain manyproblems--a wide gap between acceleration of rural economy and construction of ruralfinancial service system, outlets of low coverage, imperfect institutional mechanisms,inadequate supply of service, especially farmers’ difficult access to getting loans--all theseseriously hampering the development of agriculture, rural areas&farmers. Therefore, since2006, China have launched a new round of reform of the rural financial system, in accordancewith the principle of "low threshold and strict supervision”, guiding various types of capitalinvestment to set up village banks, finance companies, rural credit union funds andmicro-credit companies and other new-type rural financial institutions to increase the financialsupply in rural areas. Nationally viewed, the nationwide construction and development ofmore than six years prove the reform to have been correct reactions. However, four new formsof rural financial institutions are still facing many difficulties or obstacles in the operation anddevelopment. Therefore, in-depth study on sustainable development of new rural financialinstitutions is very important theoretically and significant practically for the promotion ofrural financial reform, constant improvement of rural financial services level, theestablishment of the GSP financial system and support for modern agriculture and new ruralconstruction.By summarizing and comparing foreign and domestic experience of typical MFIs forsustainable development, by means of various research methods—survey method, thecombination of empirical analysis and normative analysis, overall analysis and case studies—this dissertation systematically sorts through the latest theoretical research results of the sustainable development of the MFIs at home and abroad, scientifically defines theconnotation and denotation of the sustainable development of China’s new rural financialinstitutions, comprehensively analyzes the running status of the new rural financialinstitutions and the main problems of them in the development process, logically builds theevaluation index system of sustainable development of the new rural financial institutions,taking Micro-credit companies for example, empirically analyzes the capacity for sustainabledevelopment of the new rural financial institutions and the causes of the issue of restrictingsustainable development. Finally, this dissertation systematically suggests some proposals toeffectively enhance the capacity for sustainable development of the new rural financialinstitutions.The main conclusions are as follows:First, the experience of the world development shows that Microfinance is extremelyimportant for both the development of farmers and the whole country’s economy. Sometypical MFIs in the world have achieved sustainable development, and their major successfulexperience is①to design products and offer services to meet market demand and toimprove the competitive advantage;②to adopt market-oriented interest rate;③to financeby commercialization channel;④to be supported by government, which is key to thesuccess of Microfinance;⑤to manage sustainably in commerce, which is the trend ofdevelopment of MFIs.Second, China’s pilot construction of new rural financial institutions in rural areas hasbeen carried out since the end of2006, and the four new rural financial institutions haveeffectively alleviated the problems of low network coverage of financial institutions in ruralareas, of lack of financial supply and of insufficient competition. New rural financialinstitutions have contributed to alleviation of the problems of information asymmetry, toreduction of transaction cost, to promotion of effective implementation of the contract and tothe increase of socioeconomic benefits. Compared with commercial banks, they have highmarket efficiency.Third, the survey has found that the new rural financial institutions in ShandongProvince have good momentum of development, especially the rapid and vigorousdevelopment of micro-credit companies. Meanwhile, in the development process to be faced are the following obstacles:①narrow funding sources;②the low degree of socialrecognition due to a unitary variety of credit products and services and so many “subprime”customers as service object;③high operating costs, leading to limited profitability;④incomplete internal control mechanism, facing a higher risk;⑤worrying human resourcescircumstances and inadequate national policy support.Fourth, taking micro-credit companies in Shandong Province for example, an empiricalanalysis on the ability of sustainable development of new rural financial institutions showsthat relatively low capacity for sustainable development of micro-credit companies hasimpacted on their capacity for sustainable development. The main factors are: scale expansionability, profitability, security, external environment and human resources as well.Fifth, on the basis of the analysis of the internal and external reasons why new ruralfinancial institutions have low capacity for sustainable development, countermeasures areproposed to improve the capacity for sustainable development of the new rural financialinstitutions.(1). To enhance their own capacity for sustainable development of the new ruralfinancial institutions, main measures are:①to orient the market according, to innovatefinancial products and services, to improve the core competitiveness;②to establish therational and efficient human resource management system;③to improve the corporategovernance structure and complete risk management and control system;④to create a goodbrand image and improve the reputation of the new rural financial institutions.(2) To optimizethe external environment of the new rural financial institutions, main measures are:①tocreate a fair competitive environment by scientific support;②to strengthen the ruralfinancial legal system;③to create innovative regulation system to enhance the level ofsupervision;④to improve the rural credit system and risk compensation mechanism tobuild a good financial environment.更多还原