【作者】 王永綦；

【导师】 谢家智；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 农村金融与财政， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 虽然中国经济的工业化、金融化、城市化、市场化进程快速推进,居民总体收入水平得到持续稳定提高,但是,中国的收入差距在区域、城乡等维度,都出现明显的上升(Wan,2008)。城乡收入差距扩大是中国收入差距扩大最重要的影响因素,其对居民收入失衡的贡献率达到63.66%-65.24%(李尚蒲和罗必良,2012),远远超过其他发展中国家(Eastwood and Lipton,2004)。中国经济处在转型与转轨的快速变迁阶段,出现了很多发展中国家难以观察到的典型现象：市场化进程加快、金融高速发展、二元结构强化、城乡收入差距扩大。单一变量或者视角、静态地分析很难诠释这一复杂问题,这也正是近年来在城乡收入差距研究中争论激烈的原因之所在。金融具有越来越突出的生产效应、收入效应、财富效应等综合效应。市场化进程中日益突出的城乡二元金融结构对城乡收入差距究竟扮演什么角色,如何处理二者的关系,无论在学术层面的理论研究还是政策实践都面临诸多矛盾的决策。现代金融理论的核心是金融发展与经济增长的关系,而对于金融发展影响和调整居民收入分配的理论分析较少。并且,这些已有研究也存在诸多值得商榷的问题。一是缺乏二元金融结构视角。中国的金融发展包含显著的城乡二元特性,而这一事实常常被主流经济学家忽视。现有研究多将城乡二元金融结构隐含在宏观金融发展进程之中,这样的研究逻辑得到的结论缺乏说服力；二是忽略市场机制的作用。研究得出的“金融抑制扭曲拉大城乡收入差距”的结论,未能充分考虑中国转轨经济的典型特征。事实上,中国经济的市场化进程无论是在时间上还是区域间的空间上都表现出快速发展的特征：三是缺乏动态性考察。多数的实证研究是集中在一个时段且采用固定参数法得出研究结论。然而,中国经济发展具有典型的阶段性和区域性特征,不同的发展期间,以及不同的发展阶段,变量间的关系可能出现不同的规律。忽略这一事实,无论是时间还是空间上的“平均”得出的结论,其科学性都会受到质疑。因此,本文以收入及收入分配理论、二元经济理论、城镇化与收入差距理论等作为理论基础,基于中国金融非均衡发展和市场化进程加速推进的现实背景,采用理论联系现实并进行必要的抽象和假设,构建市场化背景下二元金融结构影响城乡收入差距的理论分析框架,理论揭示二元金融结构和市场化进程影响城乡收入差距的机理与渠道,并分别采用静态、动态等多维度视角进行实证检验,最后总结探讨中国未来进一步扭转城乡收入失衡局面的可行方案。具体而言,本文的研究遵循理论分析→实证检验→对策建议的逻辑范式,研究内容概括为：(1)理论基础和借鉴。分析收入及收入分配理论、二元经济理论以及城镇化与收入差距理论的经典要义,吸收其中可供借鉴部分作为本研究的理论基础;(2)城乡收入差距的理论框架。基于二元金融结构和市场化改革两个中国宏观经济的重要实践,揭示两者影响城乡收入差距的作用渠道和路径,构建市场化背景下的二元金融结构影响城乡收入差距的理论分析框架,分析政府和市场双重力量作用下中国城乡收入差距的形成机理和可能的收敛机制；(3)中国城乡收入差距变动的特征事实。从宏观、区域以及市场化三个视角,时间、结构以及收入来源等多个维度刻画中国城乡收入差距的演变规律以及表现特征；(4)二元金融结构、市场化进程影响城乡收入差距的静态分析。从省际与结构两个层面系统地分析二元金融结构、市场化进程等变量影响城乡收入差距的经验证据；(5)二元金融结构、市场化进程影响城乡收入差距的动态分析。采用区域分组的参数估计与非参数逐点回归考察市场化进程的背景下二元金融结构影响城乡收入差距的作用机理及动态过程；(6)基于研究结论提出调控城乡收入差距的政策建议。基于本文的理论和实证分析,提出管理城乡收入差距的具体政策。研究表明,(1)改革开放以来,中国的城乡收入差距总体呈现波动中上升的趋势,各项收入来源结构在城乡居民之间也存在较大差异,其中,工资性收入和转移性收入是城乡收入差距扩大的重要来源,而财产性收入对城乡收入差距基尼系数的贡献率处于快速上升通道;(2)城乡二元金融结构影响城乡收入差距并对城乡收入差距呈现倒U型关系,即市场化初期,二元金融结构刺激城乡收入差距的扩大,伴随市场化进程的推进则促进城乡收入差距的收敛；(3)市场化进程有利于资源的合理流动,促进居民收入的提高,发挥抑制城乡收入差距的作用;(4)市场化进程推进的城乡二元金融结构有利于促进居民收入的提高,并最终发挥抑制城乡收入差距扩大的作用；(5)政府在缩减城乡收入差距中的作用面临瓶颈;(6)相邻省域的城乡收入差距具有正向的联动效应,二元经济结构是扩大城乡收入差距的重要因素,现阶段城镇化抑城乡收入差距的功能尚未得到有效发挥。据此,本文提出的可供选择的优化措施包括：(1)促进城乡一体化建设,缩小财产性收入差距;(2)加快市场化进程,促进城乡资源流动；(3)解除金融抑制,助推金融效率提升；(4)规范政府行为,健全收入分配政策；(5)打破户籍壁垒,推进劳动力市场构建。与已有文献相比,本文可能存在的创新点包括：(1)构建市场化背景下二元金融结构影响城乡收入差距的理论分析框架；(2)探究市场化进程对城乡收入差距的影响及动态规律：(3)探索市场化进程下的二元金融结构影响城乡收入差距的倒U型规律,即市场化初期,二元金融结构刺激城乡收入差距的扩大,伴随市场化进程的推进则促进城乡收入差距的收敛。更多还原

【Abstract】 The contradiction of income gap, especially the contradiction of urban-rural income’s imbalance, which is significant and practical problem, needs Chinese authorities to solve urgently. Although China’s economy industrialization, financialization, urbanization, and marketization process advance rapidly, residents’overall income levels have been steadily improving, China’s income gap in the regional, urban and rural areas and other fields goes up obviously (Wan,2008). Urban-rural income gap’s widening is the most important factor to China’income gap, and the contribution rate to residents’income imbalance is63.66%～65.24%(Li Shangpu and Luo Biliang,2012), which is far more than other developing counties(Eastwood and Lipton,2004). If take the free medical care, unemployment insurance and other non-monetary factors into consideration, China will be one of countries who have the largest urban-rural income gap. When the urban-rural income gap is too large, it not only challenges the fairness and justice, but also social stability. Because of rural residents’higher propensity to consume, the widening of urban-rural income gap pulls down residents’overall level of consumption. Thus it blocks the levels of China’s domestic demand’s enhancing and exacerbates the contradiction of economic structure. They are not conducive to the transformation and upgrading of economy. Therefore, how to narrow the income gap between urban and rural residents must be a priority issue to boost domestic demand and build a harmonious society. This dissertation not only enriches the theories on developing countries’ urban-rural income gap, but also puts forward optimization measures which are more fit to the development of China in practice. Thus it has important and practical significance on putting forward practical macroeconomic policy to cure the imbalances of urban-rural income.Due to the finance’s core position in the modern economic development, financial development and urban-rural income gap attracted much research interest. A growing number of studies began to focus on the relationship between financial development and urban-rural income gap. This dissertation is different from the traditional study and is based on a typical feature with urban and rural dual financial structure in financial unbalanced development from dual financial structure perspective. At the same time, this paper considers the impact of the marketization process on urban-rural income gap in view of the development of China’s regional economy, periodicity and non-equilibrium of China’s economy. This study uses the income and the income distribution theory, dual economy theory, urbanization and income gap as the logical starting point. On the basis of facts of the evolution of China’s urban-rural income gap, this paper links theories with reality to necessary abstract and assumptions, proposes the formation mechanism of China’s urban-rural income gap, takes dual financial structure, marketization process, government behavior and some other factors into a unified analysis framework, combines with parametric method and nonparametric method, to study how dual financial structure’s mechanism and dynamic processes during marketization of different stages affect urban-rural income gap.This study follows the theoretical analysis, empirical test, countermeasures and suggestions. Research contents are summarized as:(1) The theoretical basis and reference. Analyze the typical points of income and income distribution theory, dual economy theory and the theory of urban-rural income gap and absorb reference sections as the theoretical basis and logical starting point of this study.(2) The theoretical framework of income gap between urban and rural region. On the basis of the important evidence of dual financial structure and market reformation, we reveal the two channels, construct urban-rural income gap’s theory analysis framework under the marketization and analyze China’s urban-rural income gap’s formation mechanism and possible mechanism of convergence in the dual power of government and market.(3) The characteristic facts of the urban-rural income gap’s changing in China. From the macro, regional and marketization, the time, structure, income sources and some other factors portray China’s urban-rural income gap’s evolution and performance characteristic.(4) The empirical static analysis of the effects of the dual financial structure and marketization on the urban-rural income gap. A comprehensive analysis of the dual financial structure and marketization on the urban-rural income gap’s empirical evidence from provinces and structures, tests the effects of concrete.(5) The empirical dynamic analysis of the effects of the dual financial structure and marketization on the urban-rural income gap. Use parameter estimation of regional grouping and non-parametric methods to study the dynamic trend presented by urban-rural dual financial structural coefficient when changes with the development of marketization. Analyze the marketization process’s overall effects on urban-rural income gap, and analyze process of how to affect urban-rural income gap’s changing through affecting dual finance and some other channels.(6) Policy recommendations to control urban-rural income gap on the basis of this study. Propose specific policy to manage urban-rural income gap on the basis this subject’s theory and empirical analysis. Research suggest:(1) since the reform and opening up, the overall income gap between urban and rural areas in China fluctuated upward trend, and all kinds of income source structures are quite different between urban and rural residents. Among them, wage income and transfer income is an important source of expanding urban-rural income gap, and property income’s contribution rate to the income gap between urban and rural areas is at the fast rising channel.(2)The urban-rural dual financial structure affects the income gap between urban and rural. And it has an inverted U relationship to the urban-rural income gap. In other words, dual financial structure stimulates the widening of urban-rural income gap at the beginning, but promotes the convergence of urban-rural income gap then.(3) The marketization process is good for the rationally flowing of resources, which contribute to the improvement of income and restrain the urban-rural income gap.(4) The urban-rural dual financial structure in marketization process is to contribute to the improvement of income, and ultimately inhibit the widening of the income gap between urban and rural areas.(5) The role of the government in reducing the income gap between urban and rural areas bottlenecks.(6) Neighboring provincial income gap between urban and rural areas have interactive and positive effects. Dual economic structure is an important factor to the expanding of the income gap between urban and rural areas. The urbanization inhibition of income gap between urban and rural areas has not been effectively. Accordingly, this dissertation puts forward some optimization measures. Including:(1) Promote the integration of urban-rural construction and narrow the gap of property incomes between urban and rural areas.(2) Speed up the process of marketization and promote urban and rural resource flow.(3) Lift the financial repression and improve financial efficiency.(4) Regulate the behavior of the government and perfect the policy of income distribution.(5) Break the household registration system and promote the construction of labor market.The innovation points:(1) Build the theoretical framework for analyzing the dual financial structure affecting the urban-rural income gap under the background of marketization process.(2) Explore the influence and dynamic laws of the marketization process on the urban-rural income gap.(3) Find the inverted U-shaped pattern between the dual financial structure and the urban-rural income gap under the marketization process, namely the early marketization, the dual financial structure stimulates the expansion of urban-rural income gap, while marketization of later period to promote convergence of income gap between urban and rural areas.更多还原