【作者】 吉慧；

【导师】 孙一民；

【作者基本信息】 华南理工大学 ， 建筑设计及其理论， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 安全是全球可持续发展战略的四大要素之一，在自然灾害和人为灾害纷呈的21世纪，公共安全问题已被提到空前高度。体育场馆作为人群高度聚集、社会敏感度高的城市公共场所，一旦发生突发性公共安全事件将造成巨大的人员伤亡、经济损失和扩大化的社会负面影响。在体育场馆建设方兴未艾和体育事业蓬勃发展的中国，体育场馆的安全问题研究具有较强的战略性和前瞻性。论文针对体育场馆的自身建筑特点，以保障公共安全为设计目标，从拥挤踩踏、火灾、爆炸袭击、生化袭击、赛场暴力五种灾害入手，进行了防御突发性公共安全事件的应用性研究。疏散和防火是体育场馆安全设计的核心问题，剖析了疏散设计的若干量化指标和薄弱环节，针对火灾不同阶段提出相应的防火设计策略，肯定了性能化防火疏散设计在大空间建筑的应用趋势。论文首次提出赛场暴力概念，分析赛场暴力的产生原因，提出了防护围栏、防护沟、防护墙三种场地隔离的安全设计对策。反恐怖袭击成为体育场馆安全设计的热点问题，从建立防御汽车炸弹边界、强化建筑防爆性能和早期检测三方面探讨了应对爆炸恐怖袭击的防御策略，提出了体育馆的理想抗爆设计模式。论文归纳了防生化的一般应对方法，从源头控制毒剂释放和气流组织控制两方面提出体育馆应对生化袭击的防御策略。体育场馆可成为灾时安全庇护场所，介绍了国内应用现状，以路易斯安娜穹顶和三木体育公园为典型案例总结了国外先进经验。论文充分挖掘场馆室外场地和主体建筑的防灾避难潜力，对其平灾转化能力进行了深入思考，提出平灾结合的避难设计策略和方法。针对室外开敞空间提出了前期引入防灾单元设计理念、强化应急设施的预备、兼顾环境要素的适灾性的应灾设计对策，针对主体建筑提出了采光通风自然化、提高场地空间利用率、增强辅助用房通用性的应灾设计对策。以广州南沙体育中心为例，对一期已建的体育馆进行避难改造，对二期待建部分及时植入避难功能，将其打造为主要服务南沙区并辐射周边城市的中长期收容型避难场所。研究工作运用模糊层次分析法（简称FAHP法）,以风险理论为依据，构建了体育场馆安全评价的数学模型，实现建筑设计问题的定量化研究。筛选确定出体育场馆前四种高风险公共安全事件：依次为拥挤踩踏、赛场暴力、火灾和爆炸袭击，应用层次分析法确定安全评价结构及其各要素的权重排序，以广东奥林匹克体育场为研究案例，运用模糊运算实现专业人士主观安全评价的量化操作，进行了基于建筑设计和使用管理方面的安全定级评价研究。论文从气候安全、社会安全、城市生命线安全和食品安全四方面提出了基于大型体育赛事的大安全观，以环境设计预防犯罪理论为依据，从交通可达性、通道、边界、可进入控制、无障碍设计和风险管理六方面深入分析了体育场馆的赛时安全规划设计及安全管理要点。从管理与警力、监控与设计、通道与边界三方面搭建基于赛事安全的场馆安全评价模型，拟定出10个控制性评价指标和10个公共性评价指标，建立操作简易的加和安全评价方法，并以举办亚运足球决赛的广州天河体育场进行实证。更多还原

【Abstract】 Security is one of the four elements of the global strategy for sustainable development.Due to natural and man-made disasters often occur in21st century, public safety issues havebeen referred to an unprecedented height. As sport venues is the highly-crowded urban publicplaces, the sudden public safety events will caused huge casualties, economic damage andserious negative social impact. As construction of sport venues and sports undertakingsdeveloped vigorously in China, the research of sport venues about security issues is a strongstrategic and forward-looking study.In order to protect people against harms, Based on the own characteristics of sportvenues, this paper carried out applied research for sport venues to defense the sudden publicsafety events such as crowded evacuation, fire disaster, explosive attack, biochemical attackand violence in arena. The first two disasters are the core design problems for sport venues.The evacuation design specification and weaknesses was analyzed in this paper, thecorresponding fire protection design strategy was proposed for the different stages of the fire,the anti-fire method of the performance-based pattern was affirmed certainly in large spacebuildings. The concept of stadium violence was proposed and analyzed in this paper. Threekinds of venues isolation safety design measures such as protective fence protective ditch andprotective wall were proposed in this paper. Anti-Terrorism disasters are the design hotproblems for sport venues. The explosion-proof strategy was discussed from three aspects ofestablishing the border, strengthening the anti-explosion and detecting early. The idealanti-explosion pattern of gymnasium was proposed in this paper also. Generalanti-biochemical response method is summarized; anti-biochemical design strategies werediscussed from the aspects of source control and air distribution. The causes of violence inarena were analyzed, and the design method of isolation between stand and the field of playis proposed in this paper.The potential advantages of sport venues for sheltering was analyzed fully from outdoorspace and main building, the domestic application status was introduced and the foreignadvanced experience was summed up in this paper. This paper also proposed the designstrategies and methods for sheltering which integrated and converted for normal time anddisaster time after deep think on the sheltering capability of sport venues. It put forward threeplan strategies based on the outdoor environment which were introducing the concept of disaster prevention unit, preparing emergency facilities, landscape element’s adaptation toshelter, and three design strategies based on the main building which were natural light andnatural ventilation, improving the rate of using indoor space, all-purpose use of auxiliaries.The study took Guangzhou Nansha sports center as a case for practice, reformed the existinggymnasium, and implanted the function of sheltering on the second stage in advance. Finallysports center becomes long-term accommodation type shelter which services Nansha Districtmainly and extends to the surrounding cities.Study set up a mathematical model to evaluate the security of sports venues by using theFuzzy Analytic Hierarchy method based on the risk theory. Author selected the Top4high-risk public security incidences by risk analysis which include crowded evacuation, firedisaster, explosive attack and violence happened in sport evenues, then determined theevaluation indexes and their weight rank by using Analytic Hierarchy Process method, andtranslated the subjective evaluation of professional persons into quantitative results by FuzzySynthetic Evaluation method. This paper carried out the safety assessment research based onarchitecture design and use management by taking Guangdong Olympic Stadium as a casestudy.Large security concept" which based on important sports events was proposed from thelevels of climate safety, social security, city lifeline and food safety. The key points ofsecurity plan were analyzed in-depth from six aspects of accessibility, passageway,territoriality, entering-control, barrier-free design and risk management during the game-time.Research proposed an assessment methodology for the security of sport venues based on thetheory of crime prevent through environment design, by which set up an assessment structurefrom three categories of manage and policing, monitoring and design, access and territoriality,and created10game-time controlling indications and10game-time public indicationsseparately. Then it took Tianhe stadium that hold final football match of16th Asian games asa study case to test this assessment methodology.更多还原