【作者】 白丽娜；

【导师】 巢宗祺；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 任何事物及其运动形式都是在一定的时间和空间中存在的,事物的存在形式无不影响事物的性质,语言也不例外。语言学界很多学者已经注意到的：“说出来的话”和“写出来的话”的语法面貌具有相当的不同,但是,直到目前,还很少有人能够注意,同样是“写出来的话”在句法面貌上与“说出来的话”的不同,在标题语言中尤其是新闻标题语言中的特点表现得更为典型：大量特殊的句法现象可能只存在于标题中,而在其他语境中,哪怕是同一语篇的正文中也鲜有出现；同样,正文中符合语法规则的语言形式,在标题中却可能丧失合法性。这就是所谓“标题语法”现象。可是,“标题语法”现象的本质又是什么?迄今却还都没有获得有效的解释。对此,曾有学者提出了这样一种理论假设：“正如语言在时间上(语音上)的存在方式会影响一种语言的结构,由此产生韵律句法学；那么在空间中存在的形式应该也可能影响语言的句法面貌,使得‘空间语法’范畴的建构因此成为可能。”(胡范铸,2006)我们认为,这一假设对汉语语法研究具有相当大的启发意义。语言首先是一种在时间中展开的符号链,这种展开方式不可避免地会制约语言的结构方式,对此,语言学界早已有了深刻的论述,冯胜利等提出韵律影响句法的观点,构建了韵律句法学；然而一旦文字产生以后,语言便不但可能是一种在时间中展开的过程,还可能成为一种在空间展开的过程,那么,语言在空间中展开的这种过程自然不可能不对语言的结构产生某种作用——尽管中国语言学界对此似乎还没有给予应有的注意。报刊语言都是在空间展开的,自然不能不受到其空间存在的影响,而同样是受到空间的作用,标题与版面空间的彼此作用无疑更为强烈：新闻标题的语言既要满足版面空间的严格限制,又要提供尽可能醒目的信息,唤起阅读的欲望,在这双重参数的影响下,语法面貌的变化更为显著。本文从重新梳理新闻标题的现有定义出发,创造性地定义了“亚语篇”概念,由此考察了新闻标题在“版面空间的制约”和“视觉刺激的强化”双重压力作用下,在词汇、句法以及标点符号的使用上所发生的一系列变化,进而指出“新闻标题的本质是一种形式是语句,但功能上介于语句与语篇之间,具有相当独立性的亚语篇”。本文也是第一次通过对“亚语篇”这一概念的重新定义,揭示了语句和语篇的关系以及语言的使用在说话者与听话者之间的差异。本文还是第一次从“版面空间”这样一个新的视角比较系统地考察了报刊新闻语言的问题；同时,本文更是第一次论述了“版面空间”作用于新闻标题语法变化的两大机制——“限制”与“补偿”,并进而解释了新闻标题语法面貌的一系列变化。因此本文既是一项新闻语言学的研究工作,也是一项语体语法学的研究工作。全文共分为六章：第一章,绪论。介绍了本文的论题和目标、开展本课题研究的基础和相关理论；指出目前新闻标题语言研究状况存在的缺失和研究趋势；最后说明了本文的研究方法和研究素材。第二章,探讨空间因素影响下新闻标题用词的特征。主要表现为新闻标题语言用词简省化；新闻标题语言词义立体化；新闻标题语言词形字母化；新闻标题语言词语搭配超常化。并且指出这些特征都是由于新闻标题受到报刊版面空间制约和视觉强化刺激双重参数的影响,而不得不对使用词语的方式做出改变。第三章,探讨空间因素影响下新闻标题句法结构的特征。主要表现为：由于版面空间制约和视觉强化刺激双重参数的影响,在新闻标题语言中句法结构具有“非法”无主句合法化特点；句法成分的缺省作为一种特殊的语法现象在新闻标题语言不得不常态化,在正文句子中必须借助的某些虚词、量词、时间词等成分,在标题中却无需出现；传统意义上的“非法句”如动宾短语带宾语等,可以在新闻标题中率先获得合法性；本章还重点讨论了新闻标题语言中的“X也Y”特殊结构。第四章,探讨空间因素影响下标点符号在新闻标题中的使用特征。主要表现为：同一篇章内部,标点符号在标题与正文的反常分布；新闻标题中点号的使用呈现零形式倾向；引号、冒号、问号、间隔号等标点符号功能的特殊化,包括引号改变超常搭配的合法性；冒号表示前后语句的语法层次；问号在非完整句式后表示完句；间隔号改变词语间的结构关系等。第五章,对新闻标题重新加以定义,提出新闻标题的“亚语篇”本质性特征；基于“空间语法”这一假设,论述了版面空间的“限制”和“补偿”两大机制对新闻标题语法面貌的影响,进而在词语、句法及标点符号三个层面上,得出八个命题。第六章,结语。对本课题进行总结,并提出今后的研究思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 Everything and its moving form exist under certain time and space. Every substance’s forms of existence influence nature of the substance. Language is no exception.Many scholars in linguistic field have noticed that, there are obvious differences in grammatical expression between the speech we utter and the words we write down. However, few people have notice so far that, same with syntactic differences between ’uttered speech’and’written words’, there are more typical expressions on headline language, especially news headline language:plenty of syntactic phenomena can only appear in headlines but never in other context, even in the text of the same written discourse. Likewise, some grammatical phenomena in written text can be ungrammatical in headlines. This is the so-called ’Headline Phenomenon’.What is the nature of’Headline grammar’phenomenon indeed? There are no effective explanations so far.In this respect, Mr. HU Fanzhu once put forward a theoretical hypothesis:just as existence form of language in time (in phonetics) will influence language structure, producing rhythm syntax hence; the existence form of language in space will most probably influence syntactic appearance of language, which makes possible the construction of ’kong jian yu fa’.We believe this hypothesis will bring significant inspiration to researches on chinese grammar.Language is firstly a symbolic chain in time, which will constrain language structure inevitably. In this respect, there have been profound discussions in linguistic ield. Scholars such as FENG Shengli put forward the point that rhythm influences;yntax, hence establishing rhythm syntax. Nevertheless, we find that once words were)roduced, language can be presented through a course not only in time, but also in space. Therefore, Language in the space expanded, which may also be some kind of role in the structure of the language----although Chinese linguistic field has not paid sufficient attention on this point.Newspaper language is presented in certain space, so it can hardly avoid influences from the space where it exists. Same as what is influenced by spatial factors, the relationship between headlines and layout space is closer:news headlines should meet the demand of strictly limited space while provide information as eye-catching and attractive as possible. These bi-indexes result in significant changes of grammar.The present thesis starts from collecting and sorting current definitions of news headlines and proposes sub-grammar for the first time. Based on this, it explores a series of changes on news headlines in terms of wording, syntax and punctuations, under bi-pressures of’layout space constrains’and’intensification of visual stimulation’. Moreover, it points out that nature of news headlines is comparatively independent sub-discourse, which appears as sentence, but in function performs between sentence and discourse.By putting forward the concept of sub-discourse for the first time, the present thesis discloses relationship between sentence and discourse, as well as the differences of language usage between speakers and listeners.The present thesis is also the first one which studies newspaper language from a new perspective of’layout space’.Meanwhile, the present thesis, for the first time also, discusses two mechanisms of layout space taking effect on news headline grammar:constrains and compensation, and make further explanations a series of changes of news headline grammar.Therefore, the present thesis can be regarded as a research of journalistic linguistics, as well as a research of stylistic linguistics.The present thesis includes six chapters.Chapter One:Introduction. This part introduces topics, objects of the present thesis and the foundation and related theories of the present research. It points out the weak points and trend of current linguistic studies on news headlines. It finally explains research methods and resources of the present thesis.Chapter Two investigates headline wording features under spatial factors. Key illustration:Simplification of news headline language; Three-dimentionalization of news headline word meanings; Alphabeticalization in news headline word images; Abnormalization of collocation in words of news headlines. It also points out that these changes of ways of word using are made under the influences of space constrains and intensification of visual stimulation of newspaper layout.Chapter Three inspects syntactic structure features of news headlines under influence of spatial factors. Key illustration:De-subject tendency in news headline syntax due to two indexes:space constrain and visual stimulation; Special grammar phenomenon of lack of syntactic elements has to be normalized in that some components such as function words, quantity words, words denoting time, which should be used in main body can be eliminated in headlines; Some ungrammatical sentences in traditional sense such as verb-object phrase plus object can be recognized as grammatical in headlines; It also puts emphasis on discussing special structure’X ye Y’Chapter Four explores practical feature of punctuation in headlines under the influences of spatial factors. Examples to illustrate this point:In the same discourse, distinct distributions of punctuation in headlines and main body; Zero-tendency of dots used in news headlines; Special functions of quotation marks, colons, question marks, separation dots, which also includes legalization of abnormal collocation caused by quotation marks; Different grammatical levels before and after colons; Question marks indicate a full sentence even after uncompleted sentence; Separation marks change structure among words, etc.Chapter Five redefines news headlines and proposes essential feature of Sub-discourse of news headlines. Based on the hypothesis of special grammar, it investigates function of special factors on sub-indexes of news headlines such as space of headline, size of words, space or line used, etc. Furthermore, it discusses how two layout mechanisms of limit and compensation impact grammar of news headlines. Based on these, eight propositions are put forward from three aspects:wording, syntax and punctuation.Chapter Six:Conclusion. This chapter sums up the present subject and proposes some thoughts for future research.更多还原