【作者】 綦亮；

【导师】 朱振武；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文认为,在特殊时代背景以及自身性别和种族身份的综合作用下,弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在文学创作中表现出与全球化语境下的后殖民作家、移民和流散作家相类似的民族身份认同情结和困惑。与福斯特和劳伦斯等男性现代主义作家一样,大英帝国的盛极而衰让宗主国作家伍尔夫产生了一种自卫和防御心理,促使她对英格兰的帝国身份进行文本建构。异域环境中的家园回望(《远航》和《奥兰多》)和都市背景下的帝国空间建构(《达洛维夫人》和《岁月》)是伍尔夫建构“英格兰性”的两种策略,两者均演绎了以他者为参照凸显自我的身份认同逻辑,体现了“英格兰性”的殖民主义话语特征。但是,作为一名女性作家,伍尔夫对渗透男性殖民意志的民族叙事又有一种天然和内在的排斥和抗拒,在建构“英格兰性”的同时又对其进行解构,主要表现在三个方面：一是异域背景作品改写旅行文学和殖民探险文学殖民主义叙事；二是“伦敦小说”在都市空间之外开辟乡村叙事追寻英格兰的本源,塑造一个不依赖他者、自为自立的英格兰形象；三是历史题材小说(《奥兰多》、《岁月》和《幕间》)将公共事件和人物背景化,颠覆官方和正统历史编纂,将英格兰“去殖民化”和“去帝国化”。然而,特定历史背景下女性与帝国的关系决定了伍尔夫与英格兰帝国身份之间并非截然对立的建构与解构,而是存在一种更为深层和微妙的抗拒和共谋。一方面,英格兰女性与帝国之间存在一种互惠关系：在帝国式微的背景下,进化论和优生学形成合力,赋予女性为种族和民族生育的神圣职责,使得女性私人领域活动具备了公共话语性质。而帝国政客也利用女性的特权地位,提出“母国”观以巩固帝国殖民统治。《达洛维夫人》和《到灯塔去》中的优生母亲达洛维夫人和拉姆齐夫人即体现了女性与帝国的这种互惠关系,她们既是伍尔夫对排斥女性的优生学理论建构的回击,也表达了一位宗主国白人女性作家的种族和民族优越感。另一方面,与帝国的关联并没有从根本上改善女性的生存状况,女性在很多方面仍然是父权制社会的他者,被排除在公共领域之外,无法充分享有公民权利。这种缺失性体验促使伍尔夫在作品中塑造了众多的男性化女性角色和女性帝国主义者形象,利用殖民扩张和征服的修辞为女性现实中缺乏的政治权力进行文学补偿。无论是《达洛维夫人》和《到灯塔去》中的优生话语和“母国”意象,还是伍尔夫作品中的男性化女性角色和女性帝国主义者形象,都归结于伍尔夫的女权主义立场,同时也都表现了伍尔夫与帝国主义意识形态的共谋。如果说伍尔夫对“英格兰性”的建构体现了种族身份对其文学创作的制约,对“英格兰性”的解构表明性别身份对其创作的影响,那么达洛维夫人和拉姆齐夫人,及其作品中众多男性化女性角色和女性帝国主义者,则揭示了种族和性别作为一个整体在塑造伍尔夫文学想象方面发挥的作用。综合来看,伍尔夫对英格兰民族身份的书写表现为一种对女性共同体的想象,一种对英格兰帝国身份有条件的依附和挪用,目的在于确保女性拥有完整的公民身份,为拓展女性的生存空间提供平台和资本,进而建构女性言说的政治和文化权威。伍尔夫小说中的民族身份书写表明她的文学创作与社会和时代的高度相关性,而她既不鼓吹民族主义,也不盲从世界主义的做法也为认识当今世界诸多地缘政治问题提供了启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 The present dissertation argues that, due to the combining effects of social milieu, gender and race, Virginia Woolf s body of work exhibits a national identity complex and confusion similar to that of the postcolonial writers, immigrant writers and diaspora writers living in an increasingly globalized world.The decline of the British Empire galvanizes Woolf’s psychological mechanism of self-defense, driving her to operate a textual construction of Englishness similar to that of other metropolitan modernists like Forster and Lawrence. Woolf s construction of Englishness is embodied in Englishmen’s expression of cultural superiority and longing for homeland in an exotic environment on the one hand (as in The Voyage Out and Orlando), and the highlighting of an expanding and centripetal imperial space centered around a metropolitan environment on the other (as in Mrs Dalloway and The Years). These two models incorporate the identity logic that foregrounds the Self in opposition to the Other, reflecting the colonialist connotations of Englishness.But, as a female writer, Woolf is instinctively resistant to the imperial national narrative, and therefore seeks to deconstruct Englishness while constructing it. Woolf deconstructs Englishness by dismantling the colonial vision of the travel and adventure literature, carving out a pastoral space in metropolis characteristic of an authentic and original England, and rewriting the official history of England, giving voice to the obscured and the marginal (as in Orlando, The Years and Between the Acts).However, a further contextualization of Woolf s work discloses that Woolf s relationship with Englishness goes beyond the clear-cut opposition between construction and destruction, featuring a more innate and delicate resistance to and compromise with England’s imperial identity. England’s imperial history from the mid Victorian age to the Second World War suggests that women and the British Empire are in most cases cooperative, rather than confrontational. On the one hand, the evolutionary and eugenic discourses in the context of imperial contraction empowered the females to be the spiritual and biological guardians of the race and the nation. On the other, the imperial administrators took advantage of women’s privileges, creating "Mother-Country" to ensure the Empire’s authority and domination. Mrs Dalloway in Mrs Dalloway and Mrs Ramsay in To the Lighthouse, depicted as eugenic mothers, are responses to these privileges; while offering insights into Woolf s feminist stance, they suggest also Woolf’s racial and national superiority as a white metropolitan female writer. Yet, the association with Empire didn’t uproot the patriarchal social system that maltreated women, denying them full citizenship. This inadequacy compels Woolf to create masculinized female characters and female imperialists in her works, taking advantage of the colonial rhetoric to make literary compensations for the political power women lack in reality. The eugenic discourse and "Mother-Country" image in Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, and the masculinized female characters and female imperialists, demonstrate once again Woolf s resistance to and compromise with Englishness.On the whole, Woolf’s writing of the English national identity is expressed as the imagination of a female community, which conditionally appropriates the imperial identity of England, the purpose of which is to ensure women’s full citizenship, to provide them with platform and capital for survival, and finally, to establish women’s cultural and political authority. Woolf s writing of English national identity bespeaks her works’ high social relevance, and her democratic notion of the "nation", which favors neither nationalism nor cosmopolitanism, is undoubtedly revealing for us to get a clearer view of the geopolitical issues in today’s world.更多还原