【作者】 方林佑；

【导师】 张楚廷； 刘铁芳；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 高等教育学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 现代社会呈现“三元结构”,形成高等教育发展“新协调三角”和资源配置的“市场机制具有基础性。市场机制关注供求、选择、价格、竞争与风险,是集体选择和公共选择的根基,是被人类历史证明了的富有效率的资源配置机制,而高等教育市场机制的历史变迁,显示了高等教育市场机制的顽强生命力,也证明了市场机制在高等教育资源配置中的“基础性”作用。市场机制寓于市场主体、政府和中介组织“三个关键点”之中,而我国高等教育市场机制是“后发外生型”,存在许多需要完善的地方,高等教育市场机制运行的“三个关键点”,实质上就是三个“建设点”：一是高等教育市场的主体身份。高等教育市场主体,是指直接参与市场交易活动的组织或个人,主要包括高等学校及其教师、学生及其家长、用人单位、科技服务需求者等,其中,高等学校是特殊的市场主体。市场主体应该具有“灵敏性”,能够自由支配自己的行动,对供求、价格等信号做出适当的回应。但我国高等学校的法人地位缺失,高等教育出资人产权虚化,高等教育捐赠者动力不足,学生及其家庭人力资本投资风险大,用人单位人力资源成本“软约束”,科技服务需求者合作机制存在较大缺陷。因此,我国高等教育市场主体已经“身份迷失”。二是高等教育市场的政府角色。政府既是市场的外部调控者,又是市场的特殊参与者。好的政府既要守住“高等教育市场化底线”,又要避免大学的“两类行政化”,确保高等教育的必要投入,维护高等教育的“公正性”。政府应该充当高等教育产品的“精明买主”,成为高等教育“战略性产品”的提供者,并与高等教育的主要生产者(高等学校)科学分权,为市场机制的运行提供有效保障。令人遗憾的是,我国高等教育市场中的政府已经“角色错位”。三是高等教育市场的中介组织地位。高等教育中介是为高等教育市场机制运行服务的社会中介组织,这种非营利、非政府的专业化组织,与政府、市场形成“三边制衡”,共同维护高等教育市场机制的“稳定性”。但是,我国高等教育市场中的中介组织已经“两极分化”,具有“官方性”和“边缘性”双重特征,“缓冲器”功能残缺,重大决策“不在场”。我国高等教育中介组织已经“地位缺席”,其根本出路是“民营化”。我国高等教育市场机制存在的“三大问题”,只有通过“创新”来解决。一是通过管、办、投分离,促进政府机制的再造；二是通过权、责、利结合,实现市场主体的解放；三是通过转、扶、改配套,加强市场中介的中立。学术力量与市场力量、政府力量、志愿者力量不是处于同一个维度,能级差异也很大,任其自由发展势必窒息学术。在这种情况下,政府应该自觉向社会分权,以培育完善的高等教育市场体系,营造市场机制的良好运行环境,并利用市场机制的张力,让高等学校从“二元结构”走向“三元结构”社会。这样,“三类组织”(政府、市场、第三部门)在高等教育领域中博弈与制衡,“三种机制”(市场机制、志愿机制、政府机制)在高等教育领域中冲突与互补,可以矫正高等教育资源配置机制的失衡,有利于进一步提高我国高等教育资源的配置效率,以便建立一个公正、有效、自由的高等教育体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nowadays, the modern society forms a ternary structure. Hence it facilitates a brand-new harmonious triangle relationship of higher education development and three mechanisms of the resource allocation. However, there are certain disharmonies in the field of higher education resource allocation mechanism. The government possesses more authorities in educational resource allocation. Meanwhile, limited resources are inefficiently allocated. Under the leadership of powerful government, higher education has great scale, but it is weak in spirit. Universities and colleges gradually lost creativity; they are actually not excellent in nature, just at a very superficial level.In market economy, the market mechanism of higher education has its fundamental nature. It focus on demand&supply, choice, price, competition and risk. It plays its basic role in the field of historical changes in higher education market and proves to be efficient resource allocation. The resource allocation mechanism of higher education reveals tenacious vitality in the long history. It resides among three keys of market domination, government and market intermediaries. China’s higher education market mechanism is latecomer exogenous; inevitably there are some imperfect places. Therefore, three keys of higher education market mechanism are important constructive points.The first is the subject identity of the higher education market. Higher education market subject refer to organizations or individuals directly involved in market trading activities, including colleges and universities and their teachers, students and their parents, employers, buyers of scientific and technical services, etc.. Among them, colleges and universities become a special market player. Sensitivity of the subject enables them to have a free dispose of their own behaviors, to respond appropriately to demand&supply, price and other signals. However, Chinese universities lack of legal entity status; investor equity of higher education are weak; higher education donators have no enthusiasm; the risk of human capital investment of students and their families are large;"soft constraints" exist in costs of human resources for the employers; there are flaws in the collaboration mechanism for the buyers of scientific and technical services. So subject of our higher education market has lost its identity.The second is the role of government in higher education market. The government is playing a role both as an external market regulator and a special market participant. Good government is not only necessary to hold the bottom line of marketization of higher education, but also to avoid two kinds of bureaucratic administration to ensure the necessary input in order to maintain the fairness of higher education. As a market participant, the government should act as a smart buyer of higher education production, and a provider of strategic products of higher education. It should scientifically shares decentralization with higher education institutions to provide effective protection for the operation of the market mechanism. It is a pity that the role of our government in higher education market has been dislocated.The third is the status of intermediaries in higher education market. Intermediaries are social intermediate organizations serving for market mechanisms of higher education. The non-profit, non-governmental professional organizations form trilateral balances. The government and narket jointly safeguard the stability of higher education market mechanisms. However, intermediaries of higher education have been polarized, which have both official and nonofficial features. The buffer is malfunction and major decisions are absent when are made. Therefore, market intermediaries in our higher education market are inferior in status and the remedy prescription is privatization.The three major problems mentioned above in Chinese higher education market mechanisms can be solved only through innovation. First innovation could promote the recycling of governmental mechanism through the separation of the rights of management, operation and investment. Second one could achieve the liberation of market subject by combining rights, responsibilities and interests. The third can strengthen neutral character of intermediaries through comprehensive transformation, aid and reform. Academic authority, market strength, government power and volunteer force are not in the same dimension and have huge level differences. Academy is bound to decline if the situation continues. So the government should consciously decentralize to the society to foster a sound market system of higher education, to create a healthy environment of market mechanisms and to implement market mechanisms tension. The higher education institutions will transform from binary structure to ternary structure. Thus, the three roles (the government, the market, and the intermediaries) could play and balance in the game of higher education. Three mechanisms (market mechanisms, voluntary mechanism, and government mechanism) conflict and complement each other in the field of higher education to avoid an imbalance and to improve the efficiency of resource allocation, in order to establish an impartial, efficient and free higher education system.更多还原