女校与近代江南社会的变迁（1850-1931）

【作者】 徐宁；

【导师】 唐力行；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文以近代江南女校生存拓展的历史脉络为基本线索，深入分析江南女校如何在时代契机下获得自身发展，如何通过各类手段来规范和引导以女学生为主的相关人群的思想行为，从而对江南社会的日常生活、伦理道德、经济生产、政治活动等产生深远影响。女学生不仅有可塑性，更具有自主发展性，自我意识的觉醒使部分女学生率先突破了女校为其设定好的种种社会角色。觉醒了的女学生进入社会后成为社会变革的活跃分子，从而将近代女校的社会影响力推向了顶峰。随着西方坚船利炮进入中国，基督教在得风气之先的江南地区进行了较为广泛的文化传播。西方传教士为了更好地传播福音，在中国兴办起了学校与医院。近代最早的江南女校即在由西方传教士传播基督教福音的背景下建立。诞生于19世纪50年代的江南教会女校，作为传统中国土地上的一个崭新的文化现象，虽然面临重重阻力，但是仍然不断地将女性接受知识这种观念向外传播。而江南本为人文昌盛之地，随着中西交流的深入，教会女校几经磨砺，终于在19世纪末获得部分知识精英的认可，迎来了出身中上层社会的女学生。江南女校存在的最初40余年，教会女校一家独大，西方文化、西式生活通过女校较为系统地传输给女学生，渗透入她们的家庭，明显地改变了江南社会日常生活的某些方面。西方传教士是近代中国女校的播种者，而女校的推广则主要依托了以维新派为首的救亡心切的爱国人士。为了动员更多力量投入到挽救民族危亡的巨大工程中，梁启超等维新人士开始在理论和实践层面推动女子的社会化教育，国人自办的第一所女校——中国女学堂（亦名经正女学堂）因而诞生于1898年的上海。上海是近代江南女子教育的一个中心，女子教育开始在近代蓬勃发展。在朝廷和社会兴废女学的长期争议中，民间办女校之风渐兴，打破了教会女校一家独大的局面。成长中的女校聚合了传教士的宗教热情和国人的救亡激情，它以学校为实践平台，以学会或差会为组织平台，以报刊为舆论平台，将其影响力扩散到社会各个角落，来实现其既定目标。女校学生则是这种影响力发挥的核心力量，她们在学校的多种规训手段下被塑造为各种社会角色，卷入了时代的洪流中。清政府被迫于20世纪初做出变革姿态,实施“新政”，并对女学开禁。此后，官办女校在全国范围内日渐兴盛，而江南女校则始终居于领先地位。从早期的教会女校到国人自行创办的女校，从男性主导近代女校到女性毁家兴女学，从民间办学到官方主导，从女性不入学到女性进女校再到男女同校，均体现了女性地位的提高与女子接受知识这种观念的传播。传统时代女性基本上是作为男性的依附者而存在的，在三纲五常的钳制下女性人格扭曲、社会地位低下。近代以来，随着西学的不断传播，男女平等观念逐渐兴起。欲提高女性之地位则首先应从赋予女性受教育的权力始，近代江南女校的发展壮大不仅塑造了新的女性形象，亦从很大程度上改变了近代江南社会的面貌。民国建立后，社会变革不断，女校和女学生无可避免地卷入历史洪流中，在改写自身命运的同时也创造着历史。经过社会历练后的女学生自我意识开始觉醒，群体意识逐渐萌发，部分进步的在校女生和毕业女生不甘于“他者”的身份，开始为“女界”的未来奔走呼号。近代江南女校最初以唤醒女性担当“家国”责任为目的，却使女性意外收获到“自我”这一果实。到20世纪30年代，社会各个领域几乎都能看到知识女性所做的杰出贡献。昔日的女学生超越了女校给她们划定的女性空间，走向了更广阔天地。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article sets the historical context of the survival and expansion condition ofthe modern female-schools in Jiangnan as the basic clue and further analyzes howthe female-schools have been developing in the age of opportunities and how theyregulated and guided the people dominated by female students, thus makinginfluence on the daily life, morality and ethics, economic and political activities inthose regions. Female students are not only plastic, but also in the process ofconstant self-development. The self-consciousness in some female students enabledthem to make breakthroughs in social roles that female-schools had set up for them.Those awakened female students entering into the society became activists for socialrevolution, which pushed the social influence of the modern female-schools into itspeak.As Western gunboats breaking into China, the Christianity has made extensivecultural transmission in Jiangnan. In order to further spread their doctrine in China,the western missionaries have set up schools and hospitals in those regions. Theearliest modern female-school in Jiangnan was established by Western missionariesin the context of transmitting Christian gospel. Born in the1850s, the church femaleschools in those regions, as a new cultural phenomenon in the traditional Chinese,although faced with many obstacles, still continue to spread the concept that womenshould receive knowledge and education. Jiangnan was known as a land ofprosperous humanities.Along with the in-depth exchanges between Chinese andWestern cultures, Church female-schools went through twists and turns, finally at theend of the19th century, got recognition from part of the intellectual elites and wereable to enroll the female students from upper class. In its first40years, the churchfemale-schools were dominant in those regions and systematically transferredWestern culture and Western life styles to female students, making them penetrateinto their family, which significantly changed the daily life in some aspects.Western missionaries are the sowers of the modern female-schools, while thebreeding and promotion for the female-schools is mainly relied on the patriots led by the Reformists. In order to mobilize more forces to save the nation from peril, LiangQichao and other reformers began to promote women social education fromtheoretical and practical aspects. The first female-school run by Chinese people-theChinese Female School was founded in1898in Shanghai.Shanghai is a modernfemale-education center, female education began to flourish. In the long-termdispute in the court and the whole society of establishing or abolishing women’sreceiving education, female-schools established by non-governmental organizationswere becoming more and more flourishing, which broke the situation that churchfemale schools being in the dominant position. The growing female-schoolspolymerized the missionaries’ religious fervor and the patriots’ passion for theirpeoples salvation. The female-schools set their classrooms as their practice platform,their academic associations as their organization platform, and their press as a mediaplatform, making their influence spread to every corner of the society to achieve itsstated objectives. Female students were the core strength under this influence. Theyhave been shaped into various kinds of roles under the school disciplines and wereinvolved in the flood of times.Late Qing dynasty was forced to make a change in the early20th century andimplemented new polices and lifted the ban on female-schools. Since then, thegovernment-run female-schools have become prosperous throughout the country,while the female-schools in Jiangnan were always the leader. From the early churchfemale-schools to the people founded female-schools, from modern female-schoolsdominated by male to the autonomy of women in female-schools, fromnon-governmental schools to government-run female-schools, from women beingbanned to go to schools to coeducation, we witnessed the improvement of the statusof women and dissemination of the notion that women should receive education. Inthe traditional era, women basically depended on men and under the three cardinalguidelines, women enjoyed a low social status. In modern times, with the continuingspread of Western culture, the concept of gender equality was gradually established.To improve the status of women, women should be first entitled the right to receiveeducation. The growing and development of the modern female-schools in Jiangnan not only shaped a new image of women, but also, to a large extent, changed thefeatures of the society in those regions.After the establishment of the Republic of China, social changes have beenconstantly made. Female-schools and female students were inevitably drawn into thetide of history, rewriting their own destiny, as well as creating the history. Femalestudents were awakened with self-consciousness after experiences in the society,thus group-consciousness was gradually germinated. Some female students in schooland female graduates were unwilling to be labeled as "other" identity and theybegan to fight for the future of "female profession". Modern female-schools in thoseregions initially were to wake up women to take responsibility, but accidentallywomen got the “self”. From1930s, we can see the outstanding contributions fromwomen in almost every aspect in the society. The quondam female students brokethrough the constraints the female-schools had imposed and walked into a brighterfuture.更多还原