【作者】 戴克良；

【导师】 刘厚生；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 满族及其先世，不仅建立过政权，而且在文化上也做出过突出的贡献，其中一个显著的成就是创制了本民族的文字，女真族创制了“女真大字”和“女真小字”，延用了300多年；明末努尔哈赤命额尔德尼、噶盖依照蒙古字母创制“老满文”，皇太极时又由达海改进为“新满文”。满文在清代延用了近300年。女真语文和满语文具有一定的连续性和继承性，极具比较研究的价值。本文系统地对满族语言文字发展史及其历史影响进行整体研究，因此具有一定的创新意义和学术价值。本文在吸收和借鉴前人研究成果的基础上，以满语言文化为主要研究对象，采取历史学、文献学、历史语言学、接触语言学等多学科交叉的研究手段，以时间为线索，以问题为中心，主要围绕满语文的历史演变及相关问题；清代的“国语”政策及满语文的兴衰历程；清代满文文献的分类及价值；满语文对满族及东北其他民族、中华民族文化与中外文化交流等方面的历史影响几个主要问题展开，力争在理论层面上有所突破和创新，为这一领域的学术发展做出贡献。这也是本文最主要的创新之处。本文除绪论和结论外，正文部分由四章构成。绪论部分回顾了关于满语文研究的学术史与研究现状，以及本文的学术价值与研究方法，并对相关概念作了界定。第一章探讨满族先民的语言文字，重点是靺鞨和女真。以渤海族没有创制本民族文字所产生的历史影响来分析民族语言文字与民族意识、文化自觉的关系，还论述了女真文的优缺点及其推广方面存在的不足，以及女真语对汉语的影响，并从“汉字文化圈”的角度审视女真文化的历史变迁及比较。此外还论述了明代女真人逐渐使用蒙古文字，开始由“汉字文化圈”渐趋“蒙古化”，满文的创制就是“蒙古化”的结果。第二章探讨清代满语文的兴衰历程。重点是满语与女真语的关系，从满文的创制与改制所反映的满族文化的发展历程与轨迹，清代“国语”政策及其历史演变，满语文的衰落状况及原因，以及从满汉语言文化的接触和融合分析中国古代文化融合的阶段特征及原因。清代，随着满汉民族的接触与融合，满语与蒙语的关系逐渐疏远，而与汉语的关系日益密切，最终在文字的发展道路走出了“汉化（金）——蒙古化（元明）——再汉化（清）”的历史轨迹。第三章对清代的各种满文文献进行评述。重点是满文文献主要分类方法的评述，满文档案文献及其史学价值，满文翻译文献及其所体现的满汉文化关系，从翻译《大藏经》看清代的宗教政策和文化政策，满文辞书的特点及其文化内涵等问题。从清代满文辞书的体例演变历程既可以看出辞书编纂手段的进步，亦可以看出清代满汉两种文字彼此消长的关系。“清文鉴”系列对满文的成熟与发展起到了至关重要的作用，而且由“三体”到“四体”、再到“五体”，体现了清代民族政策的发展和完善过程，是清前期（满文产生到乾隆末年）社会发展状况的一个缩影。第四章探讨满语文的历史影响，这是本文的重点和主体部分。主要分析满语文对满族文化、东北区域文化、东北少数民族文化、中华民族文化以及中外文化交流的历史影响，还集中探讨了满语文与锡伯语文的关系以及锡伯族语文的发展及其历史影响等问题。重点解决满语文所反映的清代满族的国家意识和文化认同，东北少数民族的文化发展水平，满语对北京“官话”的历史影响，清代外国学者研究满语文的状况、特点以及“满学”的相关问题。结论部分对全文作了回顾和总结，并作了理论上的升华。通过满语文反映出语言与文字、满语文与满族文化认同、满语文与清代文化、满语文与中外文化交流的关系这几个理论问题。最后总结出全文的中心论点，即语言的兴衰历程不是孤立的，而是与民族的社会环境变迁密切相关，反过来语言又对民族、社会、文化产生了深刻的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Manchu people and their ancestors, not only set up political power, and also madeprominent cultural contributions. One of the significant achievements was creating thenation’s character (or script). Jurchen people created “Jurchen big character” and “Jurchensmall character”, which continued to use more than400years. In the late Ming dynasty,Nurhachi ordered Erdeni and Gagai create “old Manchu script” according to the Mongolianletter. In Huangtaiji period, Dahai improved it into “new Manchu script”. In the Qing dynasty,Manchu language continued to use for nearly300years. Jurchen language and Manchulanguage had a certain continuity and inheritance, which possesses the value of thecomparative study.This paper is to take the systematical and overall research on the history of Manchulanguage and its historical influence, thus it has a certain innovation significance andacademic value. Based on the absorption and reference on the former scholars’ researchachievements, this paper takes Manchu language and culture as the main research object,taking history, philology, historical linguistics, contact linguistics and other multidisciplinaryresearch means. Time sequence is as the clues, while the issue is as the center. The papercenters with the followed main issues: the historical evolution of Manchu language and therelated problems;“State language” policy in the Qing dynasty and the history of Manchulanguage’s rise and fall of; the classification and value of Qing dynasty’s Manchu literature;the historical influence of Manchu language to Manchu and other northeastern minorities, theChinese nation’s culture and the cultural exchange of Chinese and foreign. The author trieshard to make some breakthrough and innovation on theory level, and contribute to theacademic development of this field. This is also the main innovation place in this paper.Besides the introduction and conclusion, this paper’s main body consists of fourchapters.The introduction part reviews about Manchu language’s academic history, researchpresent situation, academic value of this article, research methods, and defines some relatedconcepts.The first chapter discusses the language of Manchu’s ancestors, and the key is Mohe andJurchen. The paper analyzes the relationship between ethnic language and ethnicconsciousness and cultural consciousness through the historical influence of the fact thatBohai people had not created their own character. The paper also discusses Jurchencharacter’s advantages and disadvantages, the shortage of its promotion, and Jurchenlanguage’s influence to Chinese language, the historical transition and comparison of Jurchenculture from the perspectives of “the culture of Chinese character”. Moreover, the paperdiscusses Jurchen people began to use Mongolian script gradually in the Ming dynasty. Thetransition from “the culture of Chinese character” to “Mongolian script” was appearedgradually, and the creating of Manchu script is the result of this transition.The second chapter discusses the process of Manchu language’s rise and fall in the Qingdynasty. The paper focuses on the followed issues: the relationship between Manchu languageand Jurchen language, the development course of Manchu culture reflected by Manchu scriptfrom creating to reforming,“State language” policy in the Qing dynasty and its historicalevolution, Manchu language’s decline situation and the reason, the stage characteristics and the reasons of culture fusion of the ancient Chinese culture through the contact and fusion ofManchu-Han language and culture. In the Qing dynasty, with the contact and fusion ofManchu and Han people, the relationship between Manchu and Mongolian graduallyalienated, and closer relationship with the Chinese language. Finally the development courseof character (or script) formed a historical track as “Han (Jin dynasty)-Mongolia (Yuan andMing dynasty)-Han (Qing dynasty)”.The third chapter reviews the various Manchu literatures in the Qing dynasty. The paperfocus on the followed issues: the review of the main classification method of Manchuliteratures, the archive literatures of Manchu language and the historical value, Manchutranslation literature and the cultural relationship between Manchu and Han, Qing dynasty’sreligious policy and cultural policy reflected by the translation of “Tibetan Tripitaka”, thefeature of Manchu dictionaries and its cultural connotation. From the evolution course of styleof Manchu dictionaries in the Qing dynasty, we can find the progress of dictionary’scompiling means, as while we can find the relationship between the two languages in theQing dynasty. The series of “Qing Wen Jian” played a vital role on the maturity anddevelopment of Manchu script, and the evolution from “three scripts” to “four scripts” to“five scripts” embodied the development and perfecting process of the ethnic policy in theQing dynasty, which was a miniature of the social development in early and middle Qingdynasty (from the creating of Manchu script to last phase of Qianlong period).The fourth chapter discusses the historical influence of Manchu language, which is thefocus and the main body part of this article. The paper mainly analyzes Manchu language’shistorical influence on Manchu culture, the northeast region culture, the northeast minorities’culture, the Chinese nation’s culture and the cultural exchange of China and foreign, and alsofocus on the relationship between Manchu language and Xibe language, and Xibe language’sdevelopment and its historical influence. Focus on the followed issues: Manchu’s nationalconsciousness and cultural identity reflected by Manchu language in the Qing dynasty, thecultural development level of northeast minorities, Manchu language’s historical influence onBeijing “mandarin”, the situation and feature of foreign scholars’ study of Manchu languagein the Qing dynasty, and the related problems of “Machu studies”.Conclusion part makes a review and summary of the full text, and some theoreticalsublimation is worked out. Through Manchu language, several theoretical issues is reflectedsuch as the relationship between language and writing, Manchu language and Manchucultural identity, Manchu language and culture in the Qing dynasty, Manchu language and thecultural exchange of China and foreign. Finally the central argument of the full text issummarized. Namely, the course of language’s rise and fall are not isolated, but closelyassociated with the change of national social environment. In turn, the language can make aprofound effect on national, society and culture.更多还原