【作者】 郑辽吉；

【导师】 刘惠清；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 随着时代的发展，我国国民拥有闲暇时间占全年的三分之一，对旅游发展产生了强烈的市场需求。占据客源市场半壁江山的乡村旅游，面临着如何与乡村生态环境、社会环境及多功能农业发展相结合，实现转型升级的迫切要求。依托于多功能农业的生态体验旅游可实现生态旅游、乡村旅游及体验旅游的整合，是乡村综合旅游发展的重要方向。本文选择丹东地区景观差异显著、文化特色鲜明的旅游专业村镇（原生态青山沟镇、边境村落河口村、新农村建设典范大梨树村及黄海北部大鹿岛村）为案例，通过实地观察、深入访谈、问卷调查等方式收集景观变化、多功能农业发展及乡村旅游发展等数据；以景观生态学、生态经济学、体验经济学及社会学理论等为基础，采用结构方程模型（SEM）、社会网络分析法（SNA）及网络层次分析法（ANP）等方法相结合的方式，分析并验证了依托于多功能农业行动者–网络可持续发展的乡村生态体验旅游理论。论文由三部分共七章构成一个研究体系：第一部分主要由第一章绪论组成。阐述了研究的背景及意义、回顾与评价目前国内外乡村旅游发展的研究进展。搭建了论文研究的基本思路与框架，提出了本文研究理论基础、解决的问题和论文结构。论文第二部分由第二章至第五章组成，是本文的主要研究内容。分别从生态体验场、生态体验景观与多功能农业行动者–网络（ANT）建立的结构关系入手，分析了它们在案例地点的多功能农业行动者–网络（ANT）地位、过程及作用，对乡村生态体验旅游网络构建的多功能农业基础进行了评价，并对生态体验旅游开发战略进行了选择。首先，运用结构方程模型验证了生态体验场与多功能农业行动者–网络（ANT）的结构关系，确认了生态体验场在多功能农业农业行动者–网络（ANT）中的地位及作用；其次，运用社会网络分析法（SNA）中的密度及中心性等指标分析了生态体验景观（Eco-Experiencescape）构建过程的阶段性特征；再次，运用网络层次分析法（ANP）与SWOT分析法相结合的方式评价了生态体验旅游开发的多功能农业基础；接下来运用网络层次分析法（ANP）与LCTV理论框架相结合的方式，对生态体验旅游的开发战略进行了选择。论文第三部分主要由第六章及第七章结论组成。首先，分析了生态体验旅游产品的内涵与结构，提出了生态体验旅游产品开发的评价标准；其次，运用生态体验营销组合的方式，筛选出相应的乡村生态体验媒介，提出了案例研究地点的生态体验营销组合策略。研究结果表明：乡村生态体验旅游（Ecological Experience Tourism, E2T）是以多功能农业塑造产生的多功能景观生态格局为基本剧情及场景，在生态环境、社会风情及产业活动环境中进行的具有较强参与性并能带来难以忘怀的乡村综合旅游。作为乡村生态体验经济的重要组成部分，它推动了多功能农业的综合发展，提高了乡村的人均收入，促进了乡村旅游与其他要素的整合。生态体验场（Ecological Experience Field, E2F）与生态体验景观（Eco-Experiencescape）作为生态体验旅游活动的景观载体，都强调了旅游者与乡村生态环境、乡村生活环境、乡村产业环境及乡村社会环境的互动，能带来教育体验、审美体验、娱乐体验及逃遁体验等基本体验；它们强化并突出了多功能农业（MultifunctionalAgriculture,MFA）行动者–网络在乡村可持续发展的地位。生态体验场（E2F）是生态体验旅游开展的基本空间单元，既具有景观的空间属性，也具有多功能农业行动者–网络的关系属性；生态体验景观既是以多功能农业行动者–网络为动力塑造的多功能景观，也是生态体验旅游活动开展的关系型载体，具有多功能行动者要素的整合作用；生态体验场与生态体验场之间的关系类似于景观生态学中的斑块–基质之间的关系。它们之间的联系及发展水平取决于生态环境、社会风情、产业活动及休闲服务等要素相互作用的程度。多功能农业行动者–网络塑造了乡村多功能景观，通过协调其经济功能、社会功能、环境功能及旅游功能之间的关系，为乡村生态体验旅游提供空间保障，为乡村可持续发展奠定了行动的过程基础。该网络的结构方程模型（SEM）验证结果表明：经济功能强于社会功能、环境功能及旅游功能，是推动乡村旅游发展的重要力量；环境功能作为网络的生态基础对其他功能具有一定的反馈作用，是乡村旅游发展的重要环境维持力量。网络层次分析法（ANP）与SWOT相结合的验证结果表明：经济功能最强，社会功能其次，环境功能与休闲功能最弱的多功能农业行动者-网络，采用优势与机遇相结合的发展战略（SO），最适合于乡村生态体验旅游为主导的多功能农业发展。LCTV框架与ANP相结合的验证结果表明：由景观管理（Landscape Management）、社会接受（Community Acceptance）、旅游活动（Tourism ctivity）及游客满意（Visitors’Satisfaction）等构成的LCTV框架，是制定乡村生态体验旅游发展战略的基础。由景观开发（L）与旅游开发（T）共构的发展战略（LT）是乡村生态体验旅游开发应选择的最佳战略。产品内涵与结构是生态体验产品标准制定的重要基础，标准是评价产品开发的重要依据。由四种基本类型与五个基本层次构成了乡村生态体验旅游产品评价的20个标准。按这些标准开发出来的生态体验旅游产品，有助于实现感官体验→情感体验→理性体验的升华，提升了乡村生态体验旅游的开发水平；实施生态体验营销组合策略，塑造并传播具有区域特色生态体验景观的形象，拓展生态体验旅游产品开发的影响力，形成具有地域特色的生态体验旅游客源市场。多功能农业行动者–网络理论是本文的研究基础，以此为基础提出的生态体验场与生态体验景观理论是本文的创新点。生态体验旅游作为乡村发展的整合力量，进一步推动了乡村多功能农业的可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the middle of the20th century, the increase in leisure time has been very popular inthe world. It is a strong market demand for tourism development that leisure time to occupy athird year time of citizens in China. Rural tourism is faced with how to combine the rurallandscape, rural society and industrialization of agriculture in the transformation andupgrading of multifunctional agriculture. The need for new types of rural tourism productshas been enhanced accordingly. Rural ecological experience tourism (E2T) is a new type ofrural tourism products, which could improve quality of tourism experience in rural tourismactivity. E2T is an experience economy for rural ecological economy in sustainabledevelopment, which contributes the development of multifunctional agriculture (MFA) in therural area. MFA is spatial carrier for ecological experience field (E2F), which constitutes ofecological experience landscape (ie. Eco-experiencescape) is in the rural scale.This dissertation is mainly divided into three parts. The first part is the base portionwhich inducts out the topic and framework of the dissertation, literature review and appraisesthe development of rural tourism research in the world and brings forward the theoreticbedrock. The second part is the primary content which discusses respectively the theory ofecological experience field (E2F), ecological experience landscape (ie. Eco-experiencescape)and E2T. They are multifunctional landscape constructed in the actor-network ofmultifunctional agriculture, which forms a new type of space for E2T in the rural area. Thenew type space is a geographical and a flow landscape for activity of experiential tourism inthe rural area, which is on the theories of landscape ecology, ecological economy, experienceeconomy and actor-network theory; the next step is to select strategy for E2T of the MFAactor-network, which forms a driving force to multifunctional landscape in the rural area. Thethird part is to develop products of E2T, which are on the structures of the E2T and standards.Ecological experiential marketing (E2M) is an integrated marketing, which contributes toecological image communication for rural area.E2F actor-network paradigm corresponds to the needs of the wider society andreconfigures rural resources in ways that lead to widening the potential of the ruralrecreational multifunctionality. Therefore, E2F actor-network paradigm focuses onperspectives of the stakeholders’(including tourists and local villagers) recreationalexperience to the multifunctionality, which combines the supply and demand aspects of theMFA. Actor-network theory (ANT) offers an approach focusing on the heterogeneousnetwork of interactions between human and non-human actors, such as land use, rivers, folkcustom, animals and plants. E2F actor-network paradigm also interprets the human-naturestructural relationship among all kinds of multifunctionality. Interpretations of thehuman-nature relationship usually have been opposed.E2F actor-network is a creative space based on the land use of the MFA, whicheffectively combines supply and demand aspects of the MFA. The difference of the MFA is abasis that can be used to design the creative space, which could improve the potential of the recreational experience. E2F actor-network should be used within the MFA planning processto ensure that creative space management is spatially targeted to achieve optimum gains forsocial, environmental and economic development.MFA has become the core of sustainable agriculture, owing to its integration of multiplefunctions of agricultural systems, which should reach a state of equilibrium for economicallyviable, environmentally safe and socially equitable development in rural areas, if managedwell. Studies of the MFA have mostly focused on the economic value of multiple functions,but research remains fragmented and has limitations in understanding the structuralrelationships of multifunctional agriculture. It is difficult to carry out adaptive comprehensiveevaluation and land-use planning for the MFA in the rural areas. To solve this problem, wepropose an actor-network as an analytical framework, to identify the structural relationships.Results show that farmers’ average annual income increased by20%in multifunctionalagriculture networks, and that the actor network reached a state of equilibrium between themultiple functions of sustainable agriculture. Based on in-depth interviews and participatoryobservations, we incorporate data from366tourists (constituting87.5%of those surveyed)and52local residents in Dalishu Village of Liaoning Province, China, to build a structuralequation model to evaluate the structural relationships of a multifunctional agriculture actornetwork.A number of measures contribute to development of the MFA networking, by adjustingthe relationship of ecological functions to tourism and societal, industrial, and benefitfunctions. Compared with conventional agriculture, these measures combine multiple goals ofsustainable agriculture, and pursue these with current or potential performance ofmultifunctional agriculture as a basis for developing strategies of sustainable agriculture.Networking methods improved the capacity of the MFA through strengthening the ecologicalactor effect on the tourism actor, and societal actor effect on the industrial actor, by adjustingthe synergistic effect of the land-use system.In order to evaluate multifunctionality by focusing on functions that MFA should provide.Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis with an AnalyticNetwork Process (ANP) method were used in this study. The integrated SWOT-ANPapproach is preferred because it enables the quantification of the intensities of strengths,weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, thus providing a more realistic and effectiveevaluation than standalone SWOT or ANP. Results indicate that the economic function wasstronger than the residential, environmental, and leisure functions in Dalishu village, LiaoningProvince, China. This analysis contributes to the discussion on the consequences ofagricultural environmental policies for the conservation of the MFA in rural areas.As a type of integrated rural tourism (IRT), E2T network includes multiple nodesconnected to the ecological industry chain that interacts with pre-existing MFA structures.Local productive capabilities must be strengthened for the LCTV network to benefit the entirerural ecological economy and thus contribute to the creation of a destination brand image forE2T marketing. As a multi-sectoral activity, E2T includes participation in agricultural production, visits to landscapes and natural environments, regional gastronomy, and overnightstay in rural spaces. The integrated LCTV–ANP approach is a preferred strategy because itquantifies the intensities of the factors in the LCTV framework, thus providing a morerealistic and effective evaluation than the stand-alone LCTV or ANP. The LCTV–ANPstrategy helps exhaust the potential of IRT and contributes to rural MFA. Decision-makersmust recognise the importance of all factors involved in the LCTV network, and focus mustbe directed to the multifunctionality of the rural landscape.Strategies of E2M are important for adding value to products of E2T in the rural area. Tosucceed and grow, it is necessary to evaluate products of ecological experience according tostandards. E2M strategies offerings that create experiential value and provide experiential gridas a tool to help small rural business operators assess and enhance their ecologicalexperiential offerings that generate meaningful value for consumers. Four examplesincorporating E2M strategies will be highlighted in this dissertation: Dalishu village,Qingshangou gully, Dalu Island and Hekou village in Dandong.更多还原