【作者】 赵竑绯；

【导师】 徐小牛；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 森林培育， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 杞柳（Salix integra Thunb.）是杨柳科柳属多年丛生落叶灌木，耐寒、耐旱、根系发达、适应能力极强，抗旱性和耐涝性较强。杞柳广泛分布于河流冲积、淤积湿润的河阶地。杞柳具有发条率高、柳条细长、富有韧性等优良特性，是工艺柳编制品的最佳条材，柳编成为我国许多地方的传统名产。杞柳不仅具有很高的经济价值，而且能够防风固沙、保持水土、护岸、护堤，利用低洼地发展杞柳，因地制宜地发展湿地特色产业，能够有效地规避自然灾害的风险，避免、减少和降低洪涝灾害对沿淮低洼地农业生产的破坏和不利影响，直接关系到沿淮低洼地区广大人民群众的生计和经济社会的可持续发展，是沿淮低洼地农业避灾减灾、增收增效的重要途径。同时，发展杞柳还可以提高土地资源利用率、促进生态平衡。国内外对杞柳的研究还不是太多，报道大多集中于杞柳高产栽培、立体种植等方面。因此，本研究通过对杞柳栽培最为集中的阜南黄岗和颍上半岗地区的杞柳生物量、碳贮量、施肥措施以及淹水胁迫等深入的研究，为更好的利用低洼地发展杞柳产业提供科学的理论依据和技术指导。主要结论如下:不同栽培模式下杞柳的平均地径为0.46-0.99cm，平均条高为130.44^-187.61cm，在相同林龄下纯林的平均地径和条高大于混交林；杞柳纯林及混交林的平均总生物量分别为17.55t·hm^-2、17.03t·hm^-2，纯林的杞柳叶平均生物量高于混交林，而根系生物量则低于混交林，杞柳各部位的生物量大小依次为：根(7.51t·hm^-2)>去皮茎杆(6.32t·hm^-2)>茎皮(2.42t·hm^-2)>叶(1.16t·hm^-2)。不同林分土壤有机质、全N及全K含量随着土层深度而降低，同一土层中养分含量差异不显著。相关分析显示平均地径与平均条高呈极显著正相关；杞柳林平均总生物量与土壤速效磷及10-30cm土层有机质含量都呈极显著正相关；在各土层内土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效P、全Ca和全Mg之间均存在着不同程度的正相关。不同经营代次杞柳林分总生物量大小依次为：10年生(27.76t·hm^-2)>18年生(24.98t·hm^-2)>5年生(24.47t·hm^-2)>1年生(15.06t·hm^-2)。杞柳林分各器官生物量的分配随不同代次而变化，1年生青皮柳林分为：去皮茎杆(9.29t·hm^-2)＞根(4.11t·hm^-2)＞茎皮(3.10t·hm^-2)＞叶片(2.11t·hm^-2)；1年生红皮柳林分为：去皮茎杆(6.32t·hm^-2)＞根(4.11t·hm^-2)＞茎皮(2.57t·hm^-2)＞叶片(2.06t·hm^-2)；5年生红皮柳林分为：去皮茎杆(9.84t·hm^-2)＞根(9.04t·hm^-2)＞叶片(2.32t·hm^-2)＞茎皮(3.27t·hm^-2)；10年生红皮柳林分为：根(12.62t·hm^-2)＞去皮茎杆(9.87t·hm^-2)＞茎皮(3.55t·hm^-2)＞叶片(1.72t·hm^-2)；18年生红皮柳林分为：根(12.01t·hm^-2)＞去皮茎杆(7.39t·hm^-2)＞茎皮(2.47t·hm^-2)＞叶片(1.31t·hm^-2)。不同经营代次杞柳林的土壤养分含量随着土层的加深而降低，全氮的含量范围在0.97-3.32g·kg^-1之间，有机质含量的范围在5.37^-22.62g·kg^-1之间；DOC含量为36.96^-131.71mg·kg^-1。全磷、速效P、全钾、全Ca和全Mg的含量范围分别为1.52^-2.61g·kg^-1、1.69-6.94mg·kg^-1、107.87^-185.03mg·kg^-1、11.40^-23.06g·kg^-1和74.60-89.70mg·kg^-1。对杞柳林进行6个梯度的施肥实验，施肥梯度分别为：T1(30g·m^-2N)、 T2(20g·m^-2N+15g·m^-2P)、T3(30g·m^-2N+15g·m^-2P)、T4(45g·m^-2N+15g·m^-2P)、T5(60g·m^-2N+15g·m^-2P)、T6(15g·m^-2P)、CK （对照）。不同施肥处理对杞柳的基径、条高和生物量都有不同程度的促进作用。其中T5处理对杞柳茎杆、根、及根蔸生物量的增长的促进作用最为明显，不同施肥处理下杞柳总生物量的大小为：T1(22.67t·hm^-2)≈T2(21.76t·hm^-2)≈T3(22.95t·hm^-2)<T4(30.20t·hm^-2)<T5(37.64t·hm^-2)>T6（22.96）>CK (20.42t·hm^-2)。模拟涝渍试验显示，经过75天的淹水处理，红皮柳和青皮柳的存活率均达100%，都产生了有利于吸收氧气的不定根和肥大的皮孔，但在产生的时间上红皮柳较青皮柳迟10天左右。渍水处理促进了青皮柳的生长和光合作用，而红皮柳在渍水和轻度淹水胁迫下，其生长、叶绿素含量（Chl）、净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）都明显低于对照。随着淹水时间的增加，红皮柳的非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）持续增加并高于对照，最大光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）持续下降且明显低于对照；青皮柳的NPQ值增加幅度较小，Fv/Fm一直在0.8-0.85之间波动，与对照相比无显著差异。杞柳纯林（WP）、杞柳-杨树混交林（WPP）、杨树纯林（PP）的0-30cm土壤有机碳含量（SOC）分别为6.80、8.50和7.71g·kg^-1，相关分析表明SOC与土壤含水量、NO3--N、全N含量呈正相关。土壤有机碳密度（SOCD）分别为2.88、3.26和2.95kg·m^-2，SOC和SOCD随土层深度的增加而降低。杨树-杞柳混交林土壤DOC、DON含量均高于杞柳纯林和杨树纯林，不同土地利用土壤DOC、DON平均含量随土层深度的增加而减少。土壤DOC、DON含量受季节影响波动明显，不同土地利用类型夏季及春季土壤的DOC、DON含量较高，秋季和冬季的含量相对较低。不同土地利用类型0-30cm土壤MBC、MBN平均含量大小都为：杞柳-杨树混交林>杞柳纯林>杨树纯林。土壤MBC、MBN含量季节变化与DOC、DON含量的季节变化相似，春季、夏季含量较高，冬季含量相对较小。通过对0-30cm土层土壤活性碳氮平均含量的相关分析表明，MBC与MBN、DON、DOC呈显著正相关（p<0.01）；MBN与DOC呈显著正相关（p<0.01）。对土壤活性碳氮影响因素进行分析表明：土壤MBC与NO3--N、pH、容重呈显著负相关，与含水量呈显著正相关；MBN与NH4+-N、pH值呈显著负相关；DOC与NO3--N、全N、全P，速效P、呈正相关，与pH、EC呈负相关；DON与全N、全P呈正相关，与pH呈负相关。不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸年平均值分别为1.68μmol·m^-2·s^-1（杞柳纯林）、2.33μmol·m^-2·s^-1（杞柳-杨树混交林）、1.61μmol·m^-2·s^-1（杨树纯林），土壤呼吸的日均值最高出现在夏季(6.64μmol·m^-2·s^-1)，最低为冬季(0.13μmol·m^-2·s^-1)。相关分析表明，土壤呼吸速率与地表气温之间呈显著的指数关系，杞柳纯林、杞柳-杨树混交林、杨树纯林的相关系数R2分别为0.71、0.62、0.54。杞柳-杨树混交林有利于土壤有机碳的固定，杞柳纯林土壤有机碳储量偏低，与其粗放经营有关。在今后的栽植管理中，应采取合理的耕作措施，在提高土壤肥力的同时增强土壤的碳固定。更多还原

【Abstract】 Salix integra Thunb. is perennial fascicular deciduous shrub with wide adaptabilityunder adverse growth conditions （e.g. coldweather and waterlogging）. S. integra iswidely distributed in China along riparian zone. It is used for willow handicraft due to itscharacteristics of high sprouting rate and long-flexible stem. S. integra not only has higheconomic value, but also has the function of sand-fixing, water and soil conservation, andriverbank protection. Plantation of S. integra in the low-land areas can effectively avoidthe risk of natural disasters and reduce the damage and adverse effect on agriculturalproduction. Therefore, promotion of S. integra enterprise can enhance sustainabledevelopment of regional economic society, and improve the utilization of land resourceand maintain ecological balance.The researches on S. integra worldwide preliminarily concentrated in high-yieldcultivation and inter-overlapping plantation. This study conducted at Huanggang of Funanand Bangang of yingshang. The study was designed to investigate the stand biomass, soilorganic carbon pool, nutrient management and waterlogging resistance of S. integraplantations on the lowland areas along the Huaihe River. The objective of the study is toprovide a systematic techniques for sustainable management of S. integra plantation. Theresults were as follows.The mean base diameter （MBD） and mean height （MH） were, respectively,0.46-0.99cm and130.44^-187.61cm for the two cultivation patterns, which the pure stands hadhigher MBD and MH than the mixed stand did at the same age. The average total biomassof pure and mixed stands were17.55t·hm^-2and17.03t·hm^-2, respectively. The foliarbiomass was higher in the pure stand than in the mixed stand. However, the root biomasswas adverse. The biomass partitioning ranked in order as root (7.51t·hm^-2)> peeled stem（6.32）> bark （2.42）> leaf （1.16）. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and totalpotassium decreased with the soil depth, with no significant difference in the same soillayer for all sampling stands between the pure and mixed. The result from correlationanalysis demonstrated that the mean base diameter was significantly and positivelycorrelated with mean height. The total biomass of S. integra stand was significantly andpositively correlated with available phosphorus in all soil layers, and organic matter in10-30cm soil layer.Total biomass of the different aged S. integra stands ranked in order as10a (27.76t·hm^-2)>18a （24.98）>5a （24.47）>1a （15.06）. The biomass partitioning changed with theages. The biomass components of1a S. integra cv. qingpi ranked as peeled stem (9.29 t·hm^-2)＞root （4.11）＞bark （3.10）＞leaf （2.11）. For1a S. integra cv. hongpi, peeledstem (6.32t·hm^-2)＞root （4.11）＞bark （2.57）＞leaf （2.06）. The biomasscomponents of5a S. integra cv. hongpi ranked as peeled stem (9.84t·hm^-2)＞root （9.04）＞leaf （2.32）＞bark （3.27）; for the10a S. integra cv. hongpi as root (12.62t·hm^-2)＞peeledstem （9.87）＞bark （3.55）＞leaf （1.72）; for the18a S. integra cv. hongpi as root (12.01t·hm^-2)＞peeled stem （7.39）＞bark （2.47）＞leaf （1.31）.The contents of soil nutrients decreased with the soil depth. The contents of totalnitrogen, soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon （DOC） were0.97-3.32g·kg^-1,5.37^-22.62g·kg^-1, and36.96^-131.71mg·kg^-1, respectively. The contents were1.52^-2.61g·kg^-1for total phosphorous,1.69-6.94mg·kg^-1for available phosphorous,107.87-185.03mg·kg^-1for total potassium,11.40^-23.06g·kg^-1for total calcium and74.60-89.70mg·kg^-1for total magnesium.Fertilization experiments were conducted in S. integra stands under6levels: T1(30gN·m^-2), T2(20g N·m^-2+15g P·m^-2), T3(30g N·m^-2+15g P·m^-2), T4(45g N·m^-2+15gP·m^-2), T5(60g N·m^-2+15g P·m^-2), T6(15g P·m^-2), and CK （the control）. The mean basediameter, height and biomass of S. integra under the different treatments were increasedcompared with the control. The biomass of stem, root and cutting under T5treatment hadthe biggest increase compared with other treatment. The total biomass under the differenttreatments were ranked as: CK (20.42t·hm^-2)<T2（21.76）<T1（22.67）≈T3（22.95）=T6（22.96）<T4（30.20）<T5（37.64）。During the75-day simulated flooding period, the survival rates of seedlings of the twotypes of S. integra were100%. The seedlings of both types developed hypertrophiedlenticels and adventitious roots at their stem base with the different formation time （S.integra cv. hongpi was10d later than S. integra cv. qingpi）. The growth andphotosynthesis of S. integra cv. qingpi were promoted under the waterlogging stress, whilethe growth and photosynthetic properties （chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rateand stomatal conductance） of S. integra cv. qingpi under waterlogging stress and slightflooding stress were all significantly lower than those of the control. Significant increasesof non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） and reductions of maximal quantum efficiency ofPSⅡ photochemistry （Fv/Fm） in the flooded seedlings were observed for S. integra cv.hongpi. For S. integra cv. qingpi, however, the value of Fv/Fmwas fluctuated from0.80to0.85. There were no significant differences in NPQ and Fv/Fmbetween the treatments andthe control.The soil organic carbon （SOC） concentrations in0-30cm soil layer were6.80g·kg^-1 for the pure willow plantation （WP）,8.50g·kg^-1for the willow-poplar mixed plantation（WPP） and7.71g·kg^-1for the poplar plantation （PP）. The mean SOC density was2.88,3.26and2.95kg·m^-2for the above-mentioned three land use types, respectively.Correlation analysis showed that SOC was significantly and positively correlated withmoisture, NO3--N and total N. Under the same land use type, the concentration and densityof SOC decreased with soil depth. Soil DOC, DON contents in WPP were higher than thatin WP and PP. Soil DOC, DON contents fluctuated obviously with the seasons. DOC andDON contents under the different land use types were higher in summer and spring, whilerelatively lower in autumn and winter.In0-30cm soil, the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and nitrogen（MBN） under the different land use types were ranked as WPP> WP> PP. Seasonalvariations of soil MBC and MBN contents were similar to those of DOC、DON contents,with higher contents in spring and summer and lower contents in winter.The correlation analysis showed that MBC was significantly and positively correlatedwith MBN, DON, DOC, soil moisture （p<0.01）, while negatively correlated with NO3--N,pH and soil bulk density. MBN was significantly and positively correlated with DOC（p<0.01）, while negatively correlated with NH4+-N, pH. DOC was significantly andpositively correlated with NO3--N, total N, total P, available P （p<0.01）, while negativelycorrelated with pH, EC. DON was significantly and positively correlated with total N andtotal P （p<0.01）, while negatively correlated with pH.The annual average rate of soil respiration was1.68μmol·m^-2·s^-1for WP,2.33μmol·m^-2·s^-1for WPP,1.61μmol·m^-2·s^-1for PP, respectively. The maximum daily rate ofsoil respiration appeared in summer (6.64μmol·m^-2·s^-1), and the minimum in winter (0.13μmol·m^-2·s^-1). The result from regression analysis demonstrated that there was exponentialrelationship between soil respiration rate and surface air temperature. The value of R2was0.71for WP,0.62for WPP,0.54for PP, respectively. The WPP was beneficial to thecarbon sequestration in soil compared to WP. The lower SOC storage in WP was related tothe extensive management. It was suggested that in the future forest management,reasonable tillage and fertilization should be taken to improve soil fertility and enhancesoil carbon sequestration.更多还原