【作者】 王子甲；

【导师】 施仲衡； 陈峰；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 城市轨道工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 摘要：交通拥堵已经成为中国大城市可持续发展的首要障碍,并逐渐向二线城市蔓延。城市轨道交通在解决路面交通拥堵问题上具有高效、低耗、安全、环保等优势,因而在我国取得了快速发展。由于我国大城市流动人口比例高,居民出行量大,轨道交通承担的客流负荷高,车站拥挤问题突出,严重影响了轨道交通运营效率和安全。目前轨道交通车站行人设施规模和布局的确定采用简单的静态容量计算方法,无法反映客流动态特性。随着以计算机为工具的仿真技术的发展,行人微观仿真模型逐渐成为车站行人与设施关系分析的有效手段。然而目前的行人仿真模型存在难以达到车站拥挤状态下行人密度、无法反映拥挤状态下行人挤压力等不足,同时车站行人设施设计也存在规模测算和布局方法上的问题。对此,本文归纳分析研究现状,采用理论分析、模型构建、乘客调查、程序开发等多种手段和方法,展开了以下几方面的研究工作,取得了相应成果：1)全面地对轨道交通各类设施上行人的行为特征进行了调研和分析,得到了各类设施上行人密度-速度关系曲线、期望速度分布等,为仿真参数标定和结果校核提供了数据；2)构建了基于Agent的连续空间粒子理论模型。总结了目前可用于车站行人仿真的各种模型方法,详细分析了社会力模型的原理及其各种改进,针对该模型算法复杂度高、仅在力作用下的粒子与高度自控的行人存在运动特征等差异问题,本文引入分子动力学的Gear预测校正法及链接列表元胞加速算法,以及Agent感知-决策-行动建模方法,建立了基于Agent的连续空间粒子行人仿真模型理论及框架；3)基于Agent的连续空间模型实现及仿真实验。对行人形体描述方法进行了修正,借鉴元胞自动机等离散模型空间离散化方法,设计了链接列表元胞算法实现,基于Agent建模方法将行人密度扫描-空挡选择、随密度改变斥力作用强度、恐慌系数调节等机制加入模型并设计了相应算法,基于调研结果对一系列参数进行了标定。采用面向对象语言建立了简单的仿真环境,根据车站通道单、双向行人流及疏散仿真分析,模型能再现瓶颈成拱及通道渠化现象,改进的人体参数及可变强度的作用机制能同时适用于低密度和高密度的行人仿真,能达到拥挤状态下车站的最大行人密度,并与通道调研确定的行人密度-流量较为吻合,而优化算法可以大大节约仿真时间,所建立的模型能得到疏散时间的同时反映行人受挤压力的情况；4)收集对比了国内外轨道交通车站行人设施规模与布局的设计手册,分析得到了站台、楼扶梯、站厅等设施设计方法的差异。针对这些差异,选取典型车站,采用行人仿真工具对站台宽度设计、大编组车站楼扶梯布置、检票机布局方案等进行了仿真评价,基于定量定性分析优化了设施规模设计和布局方法,提出了改进的站台宽度算法及紧急疏散检算方法等建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 ABSTRACT:Traffic congestion has become the leading impediment for the sustainable development for metropolitans in China, and has begun to sprawl to second-tier cities. The characteristics of urban rail transit including high efficiency, low consumption, safety, environment-friendly, make it has great advantage in treating road traffic congestion, which has been demonstrated in Beijing, Shanghai. Due to the large sharing of floating population out of the overall residents in metropolitans in China, urban rail transit assumes high passenger load, and the pedestrian congestion in stations is serious, which is of great disservice to efficiency and safety. However, different from structure designing, the design of dimension and layout of the pedestrian facilities in rail station is based on rules of thumb, while simple calculation method in terms of static capacity is not able to reflect the complexity. Along with the development of computer aided modeling technology, pedestrian micro-simulation model became an effective tool in rail station facility designing eventually. However, the present models cannot reach the pedestrian density in congestion situation, and also fail to reflect the squeeze force under dense situation. Meanwhile, there are flaws in the present design approach for the dimension calculation and layout scheme for pedestrian facilities in rail station. To this end, this paper collected and analyzed the present work done on this topic. With the methodology of theory analyzing, model formulating, field study and computer programming, the following work was done and the corresponding conclusion was achieved.1) The pedestrian behavioral characteristics on various facilities in rail station was fully recorded and analyzed. The flow-density diagrams of different facilities, and the desired speed distribution were obtained, which supply data for simulation parameters calibration and validation. The attainable maximum capacities of facilities were got, which was compared with design capacities.2) The simulation model and analysis method applicable for station pedestrian simulation was concluded. Specifically, the basic theory of social force model and its various modified version is detailed. For the problems of this model, such as the high algorithm complexity, the differences in moving characteristics between particles acted by forces and pedestrian with high degree of self-control. The Gear’s predictor-corrector method and linked-list cell algorithm, and the perception-decision making-acting modeling approach of Agent, was introduced, the implementing framework of a space continuous particle model with object oriented programming technology was established.3) Based on the simulation framework of the space continuous particle model, the description of pedestrian figure was optimized. The implementing algorithm for linked-list cell method was designed taking the spatial discrete method in cellular agent model as reference. Using the agent modeling method, the behavior mechanism including pedestrian density scanning and space choice, variable interaction intensity between pedestrians pertained to density and panic index adjusting, were formulated, and the corresponding algorithm was designed. A cluster of parameters for the model was calibrated. With VC++programming platform, the aforementioned model and algorithm was integrated, and a simple version of simulation tool was developed. In terms of simulation result analysis of one-direction and bi-direction walkway, and evacuation simulation with the tool, the model is able to well perform self-organization phenomenon such as arc blocking at bottleneck and lane formation in walkway. The modified pedestrian figure description approach and the variable social force interaction intensity together allow applicability in simulation under both low density and congestion density condition, and the maximum pedestrian density drawn from field study can be reached. The pedestrian flow-density diagram from simulation in walkway fits well with that got by field study, while the optimized algorithm saves simulation time obviously. And also, the model established can reflect both the evacuation time and the squeeze force exerted by other pedestrians or obstacles.4) Although effected by operation quality to some extent, the level of service perceived by passengers in rail station, the density in particular, is fundamentally determined by design scheme. Therefore, domestic or abroad design manual on urban rail station were collected and compared. The differences of the design approach on platform, stairway and escalator, and concourse level were summarized. Aiming at these differences, typical stations were chosen as case study. The platform width calculation method, the stairway and escalator layout of long-train station, the layout scheme of fee collecting gates and evacuation testing method were evaluated with simulation tool. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the simulation results, the dimension calculation methods and layout schemes of various facilities were optimized, and modified platform width calculation method and evacuation test method under emergent situation were proposed.更多还原