【作者】 谷云庆；

【导师】 赵刚；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 机械制造及其自动化， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 随着经济的快速发展，能源问题日益严峻，能源与阻力息息相关，减阻即意味着节约能源，国内外正在不断加快各种减阻技术的研究。减阻技术的研究对于节约能源、提高能源的利用率具有重要作用，在海陆运输、航空、油气管道输送等诸多领域具有广泛的应用前景。通过仿生表面减阻方法来降低物体在流体介质中的表面摩擦阻力已经成为减阻领域研究的一个热点问题，开辟新的减阻途径对于节约能源、提高能源利用率、完善减阻理论体系具有重要意义。论文在国家自然科学基金项目：仿生射流表面减阻特性及减阻机理研究（51275102）的资助下，针对流体流经固体后在接触界面间存在着较大的摩擦阻力、消耗大量能量这一问题进行研究。受鲨鱼鳃部射流现象的启发，基于仿生学原理，为探索射流表面的减阻问题，以鲨鱼鳃部射流特征为生物原型，建立类似于鲨鱼鳃部射流特征的仿生射流结构模型，通过理论分析、数值模拟及实验的方法，研究仿生射流的减阻性能，揭示仿生射流表面相关因素对其减阻特性的影响规律，阐明仿生射流表面的减阻机理。提出仿生射流表面减阻方法，建立了具有鲨鱼鳃部特征的仿生射流模型，在主流场速度一定、射流速度在特定范围内变化的条件下，研究了仿生射流表面的减阻特性，得到了射流速度对减阻效果的影响规律；分析了仿生射流表面对模型壁面黏性阻力和压差阻力的影响特性，从壁面所受的剪应力、压应力以及边界层的变化情况，探究了仿生射流表面的减阻机理。针对仿生射流表面零射流情况，建立具有半球形凹坑的仿生零射流表面模型，分析其减阻特性，并以气动灭火炮弹体橡胶密封圈为载体，考虑到橡胶密封圈与炮管之间的密封及摩擦问题，建立具有仿生零射流表面特征的橡胶密封圈模型，通过数值模拟的方法，研究橡胶密封圈仿生零射流表面的密封特性及减阻特性。针对仿生射流表面流场问题，建立了基于圆形射流孔形状的仿生射流表面结构模型及可拓模型，利用SST k-ω湍流模型对仿生射流表面模型进行数值模拟，在主流场入口速度一定时，分析了射流孔径与射流速度耦合情况下仿生射流表面对壁面摩擦阻力及减阻率的影响规律，揭示了射流孔径与射流速度耦合情况下仿生射流表面对边界层的控制行为。对仿生射流表面射流角度与射流速度耦合情况进行分析，建立了射流角度与射流速度耦元、耦合方式的可拓模型，利用SST k-ω湍流模型对仿生射流表面射流角度与射流速度耦合情况下的减阻特性进行数值模拟，研究了射流角度与射流速度耦合情况下的仿生射流表面减小压差阻力和黏性阻力的原因及仿生射流表面对边界层的控制行为。对仿生射流表面主流场速度与射流速度耦合情况进行分析，建立了主流场速度与射流速度耦元、耦合方式的可拓模型，利用RNG k-ε湍流模型对仿生射流表面主流场速度与射流速度耦合情况下减阻特性进行数值模拟，研究了主流场速度与射流速度耦合情况下的仿生射流表面对黏性阻力和压差阻力的影响规律，分析了耦合情况下仿生射流表面对减阻及节能特性的影响，阐明了主流场速度与射流速度耦合情况下仿生射流表面对射流孔附近壁面流域边界层的控制行为。基于同轴旋转测试原理，建立了同轴旋转测试与平面测试下模型壁面所受摩擦阻力间的关系的数学模型，设计了回转体实验模型。研制了仿生射流表面减阻测试实验平台，并对实验平台的数据采集系统进行设计，基于LabVIEW环境下编写图形用户界面，实现对数据流程的软件控制，采集实验过程中不同实验模型下流体对其表面的摩擦扭矩值，达到对数据采集的自动化及数据监控的实时化。通过仿生射流表面减阻测试实验平台对仿生射流表面和光滑表面的回转体模型进行实验研究，采用对比分析的方法，分析射流孔径、旋转速度、射流速度以及射流角度等因素对仿生射流表面模型所受摩擦扭矩的影响，计算仿生射流表面的减阻效果，分析实验数据，从实验角度验证仿生射流表面的减阻特性，并将实验结果与数值模拟结果进行对比分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of economy, the energy crises are increasing day by day andit is becoming more and more imperative to carry out all the processes by consuming lessamount of energy. The energy consumption is meticulously related with the resistancebetween the mating surfaces and is widely used in a lot of fields, like ocean and rail, aviation,oil and gas pipeline etc. Drag reduction also means energy conservation and a variety of dragreduction techniques has been researched; in china as well as overseas. The research of dragreduction technology plays a key role in saving energy and improving the utilization ofexisting energy. The surface frictional resistance of an object in the fluid medium was reducedwith the method of bionic surface drag reduction in this research, which has become a hotissue in drag reduction field, and the findings of this technique will be of importance in savingenergy, increasing the utilization of energy and improving the theory system of dragreduction.This research was supported by the department of theory studies on drag reductioncharacteristic of bionic jet surface of the national natural science foundation of china(51275102), whose research was aimed at the problem of the consumption of plenty of energyexisting in the contact interface of two objects when moving relatively. Inspired by jetfunction of shark gills, based on the bionic theory, bionic jet structure model similar to the jetcharacteristic of shark gills was established; it treats the jet characteristic of shark gills asbiological prototype, in order to explore the drag reduction problem of jet surface. The dragreduction function of bionic jet was studied with the methods of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and experimentation, which reveals the influential rules of the relevantfactors of bionic jet surface on drag reduction characteristics and clarifies the drag reductionmechanism of bionic jet.Aimed at the flow field characteristics of shark gills jet surface, the bionic jet model wasestablished with the characteristics of shark gills, and the drag reduction characteristics ofbionic jet surface were researched at a constant main flow field velocity. The jet velocityvaried in a certain range, which has got the guiding rule of the jet velocity on drag reductioneffect. The influence characteristics of bionic jet surface on the viscous resistance andpressure resistance of model wall were analyzed and the drag reduction principle of bionic jetsurface was deeply researched based on the changing situation of shearing strength andpressure stress on the wall and boundary layers.Based on the non-jet state of bionic jet surface, the bionic non-jet surface model with hemispherical pits was established to analyze the drag reduction characteristics. Aimed at theseal and friction problem between the rubber ring and barrel, the rubber sealing ring modelwith bionic non-jet surface characteristics based on the shell rubber seal of aerodynamicextinguishing cannon was established, and numerical simulation was used to research the sealand drag reduction characteristics of the rubber sealing ring of bionic non-jet surface.In consideration of the problem of flow field of bionic jet surface, the bionic jet surfacestructure model and extension model was established based on a circular jet hole. Numericalsimulation was used with the SST k-ω turbulent model in bionic jet surface model, whichanalyzed the influential principle of bionic jet surface on wall frictional resistance and dragreduction rate and exposed the control behavior of bionic jet surface on boundary layer at aconstant inlet velocity of main flow field whereas, the jet aperture and jet velocity werecoupled. Coupling elements and coupling scheme extension model of jet angle and jetvelocity were established to analyze the situation when the jet angel of bionic jet surface andjet velocity were coupled, and numerical simulation was used with SST k-ω turbulent modelin drag reduction characteristics at coupled jet angel of bionic jet surface and jet velocity. Thereason that bionic jet surface could reduce the pressure resistance and viscous resistances aswell as the control behavior of bionic jet surface on boundary layer was investigated.Coupling elements and coupling scheme extension model of main flow field velocity and jetvelocity were established to analyze the situation when the main flow field velocity of bionicjet surface and jet velocity were coupled and then numerical simulation was used with RNGk-ε turbulent model in drag reduction characteristics when the main flow field velocity ofbionic jet surface and jet velocity were coupled. the influence principle that bionic jet surfacecould affect the pressure resistance and viscous resistance was researched; the influencecharacteristics in coupling case of the bionic jet surface on drag reduction and energy savingwas analyzed; the control behavior of bionic jet surface on boundary layer of wall flow fieldnear jet aperture was clarified.Based on the test principle of coaxial rotation, the relationship between the mathematicalmodel of the frictional resistance stressed on the wall between the coaxial rotation test andplane test was established, and an experimental model was designed for gyrorotor.Experimental prototype and the data acquisition system was designed and developed to testthe drag reduction effect of bionic jet surface. The graphical user interface was written in theenvironment of LabVIEW as well as the software control of data flow. Frictional torque of thesurface against the flow of different experimental models in experiment process was acquired,and was utilized in the automation of data acquisition and the real-time of data monitor. The gyrorotor models with bionic jet surface and smooth surface were investigatedthrough the experimental prototype of bionic jet surface drag reduction test, and the contrastanalyze method was used to analyze the influence of the jet aperture, rotational speed, jetvelocity and jet angle on the frictional torque stressed bionic jet surface model and tocalculate the drag reduction effect of bionic jet surface. Meanwhile the experimental data wasanalyzed, the drag reduction characteristics of bionic jet surface were verified according to theexperimental view, and the experimental results and numerical simulation results werecompared and evaluated.更多还原