【作者】 姜丽；

【导师】 宋宝安；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 社会学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 我国是世界上残疾人口最多的国家。据2006年全国第二次残疾人抽样调查统计，全国共有8296万残疾人，其中农村6225万人，占残疾人总数的75.04%。中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会报告提出要健全残疾人社会保障和服务体系，切实保障残疾人权益，使我国残疾人得到了前所未有的保障。尽管党和政府十分重视残疾人社会保障问题，但是残疾人的问题并没有完全解决，尤其是农村残疾人问题解决的不好，其生存状态还没有随着我国城市化的快速发展而发生根本性的变化。到目前为止，在我国8500万残疾人口中，仍有70%以上生活在农村，农村残疾人的总体规模仍在扩大。与城市相比较，农村残疾人生活困苦，社会保障制度缺失，社会服务水平低下。农村残疾人在综合城乡差异、身体状况差异的各种因素，成为弱势群体中的更弱势群体。笔者认为主要原因是农村残疾人社会保障的供给和需求之间存在矛盾。因此社会保障供需矛盾成为解决问题的突破口。从农村残疾人的实际需求出发，深入分析农村残疾人社会保障制度的供需矛盾，对于有的放矢地解决农村残疾人社会保障严重缺失问题，具有特别重要的积极意义。居住在不同地区的农村残疾人，由于地域与文化的差异，又展现出不同的特质。本文以东北农村残疾人为研究对象，将农村残疾人社会保障的供需矛盾作为拟解决的主要问题。采取定量分析与定性分析相结合、统计调查与实地研究相结合、抽样调查与典型调查相结合的方法，实地调查了东北农村残疾人社会保障的特点、运行方式、需求现状与发展趋势，在东北三省、一局（黑龙江农垦总局）范围内进行抽样。按照经济发展水平，原则上每个省（包括黑龙江农垦总局）选取3个县、每个县选取2个乡镇、每个乡镇选取2个村，对每个被选中的村中所有残疾人进行问卷调查和深度访谈，了解残疾人的社会保障需要。实际共调查了东北三省一局中的8个县、24个乡镇、48个村的约5000名农村残疾人。发放调查问卷5000份，回收有效问卷4360份，有效问卷回收率为87.2%。样本占东北残疾人总数的1.33%。本文在对东北农村残疾人的个人特征、残疾特征、住房及生活设施状态、残疾人个人的收入情况、家庭支出情况等生活状态进行描述的基础上，比较详尽地分析了东北农村残疾人的社会保障需求项目和需求水平，总结了需求排序结果，指出东北农村残疾人的需求强度依次为：医疗与经济保障、康复服务保障、养老保障和就业保障。研究的结论是：尽管农村残疾人社会保障需求水平比较低，但满足的难度很大，政府对农村残疾人社会保障需求的有效供给严重不足，农村残疾人的生活只能维持在温饱的水平，家庭支持仍然是农村残疾人社会保障资源供给的主要来源。本文将政府为残疾人提供社会保障的供给与残疾人的社会保障的实际需求进行对比，分析了供需之间存在的矛盾及其深层原因。首先，本文通过对调查资料的分析，指出残疾人社会保障的供需矛盾包括：第一，非正式的家庭支持的间断性与残疾人需求的制度保障的长期性之间的矛盾；第二，“普惠性”医疗保障供给不足与残疾人“特惠性”医疗保障需求旺盛之间的矛盾；第三，单一的康复服务供给与残疾人多维的康复服务需求之间的矛盾；第四，不确定性的养老保障供给与残疾人的日渐急迫的养老保障需求之间的矛盾；第五，局限于形式的脆弱的就业保障供给与残疾人自食其力的强烈的就业保障需求之间的矛盾。其次，本文将残疾人的个人特征、残疾特征和收入特征作为自变量，将残疾人的医疗需求、康复需求、养老需求、就业需求作为因变量，通过SPSS统计软件对各个自变量与因变量之间的关系进行了回归与相关分析，分别对残疾人的医疗供需矛盾、康复供需矛盾、养老供需矛盾、就业供需矛盾进行剖析，力图探求东北农村残疾人社会保障的供需矛盾形成的原因，并找到弥合这种差距的解决策略。本文提出建立“协作保障”型的残疾人社会保障体系的政策建议，内容包括由政府、残联、社会、家庭、社区、机构共同对残疾人社会保障、生活服务提供不同层面的社会保障供给，以满足残疾人的不同需求。“协作保障”的主体是政府、残联、社会、家庭、社区、机构六个不同的部门和组织，“协作保障”的对象是农村残疾人。建议由政府为残疾人社会保障提供资金支持、制度支持和法律支持，为残疾人提供“普惠”加“特惠”的保障；由代表残疾人利益和愿望的残联为残疾人提供管理和服务；由社会为残疾人提供尊重和理解的社会舆论环境；由家庭提供供养场所和精神慰藉支持；由社区为残疾人提供生活服务和照顾、基本的医疗康复设施、日间照顾支持；由专门服务机构向重度残疾人提供饮食、起居等直接服务。各个部门与组织互相协作、联合保障、各司其职、各尽所能。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is the most populous country with disabilities in the world. According to thesecond national sample survey of the disabled in2006, there are82.96million people withdisabilities, which is6225million people in rural areas, accounting for75%of the totalnumber of the disabled. The18th Chinese Communist Party National Congress proposed toimprove the social security and service system of the disabled, safeguard interests of thedisabled, so that the interests of the disabled in China has been an unprecedented guarantee.Although government pay attention to social security of the disabled, the problems has notfully solved, especially the problems of the rural disabled has not solved, their livingcondition has not fundamentally changed with Chinese rapid development and urbanization.So far,85million people with disabilities in our country, there are still more than70%live inrural areas. The scale of the rural disabled is still expanding. Compared with urban, ruralpeople with disabilities live in poverty, lack of social security and social services. It should besaid, rural people with disabilities integrated urban-rural differences, physical conditiondifferences, become the most vulnerable group. The author thought the primary cause was thecontradiction between the supply and the demand of social security. Therefore, thecontradiction of supply and demand of social security is a breakthrough in solving theproblem. From the actual needs of the rural disabled, we analysized the contradiction betweensupply and demand of social security. It has a special significance which can solve the lack ofsocial security.The paper taked the rural disabled as research object, taked the contradiction betweensupply and demand of social security as the main problem to be solved. It taked quantitativeanalysis and qualitative analysis, the survey and field study, the sample survey and the typicalsurvey. Field surveys included of social security characteristics, operation mode, demandstatus, development trends of the Northeast rural disabled. In the Northeast, a bureau(Heilongjiang Land Reclamation Bureau) the author taked the samples. According to theeconomic development level, the author extracted three counties from each province, two townships from each county, two villages from each township. All persons with disabilitiesin-depth was interviewed in each village and a questionnaire was surveyed to understand theneeds of people with disabilities. The author investigated three northeastern provinces andeight counties,24townships,48villages. Distributed5,000copies of the questionnaire,4360valid questionnaires, the effective response rate was87.2%. Sample accounted for1.33%ofthe total number of the Northeast rural disabled.In the paper, the author described the personality characteristics, disabilitycharacteristics, housing and living facilities, individuals income, expenditure, analysized theneed and demand levels of social security of the rural disabled, summarized in demand,considerd the needs of intensity were: medical and economic security, rehabilitation services,pension security and employment security. The study concluded that: although the level ofdemand for social security of disabled was relatively low, it was very difficult to meet. Thesupply of government social security was serious shortage. People with disabilities lived inrural areas maintained at a low level, family support of social security was still the mainsource of supply of social security.The paper would compare the supply of government social security with the demand ofdisabled, analyze the contradiction between supply and demand and the underlying causes.Firstly, through the analysis of the survey data, the paper pointed out the contradictionbetween supply and demand of social security, including:1the contradiction betweenintermittent of informal family support and long-term of need of disabled;2the contradictionbetween general supply and special needs of medical security;3contradiction between asingle supply and multidimensional demand of rehabilitation service;4the contradictionbetween the uncertain supply and urgent demand of pension security;5the contradictionbetween the confined supply and self-reliant needs of employment security of the disabled.Secondly, the paper taked personal characteristics, disability characteristics and incomecharacteristics as independent variables, taked the medical needs, rehabilitation needs,retirement needs, employment needs as the dependent variable. By spss statistical softwarefor each independent variable and dependent variable, the author analysized regressionrelationship and correlation relationship. The author analysized the medical contradiction,rehabilitation contradiction, pension contradiction, employment contradiction. The author explored causes of the contradiction between supply and demand of social security and findeda solution to the problem.Finally the paper should establish a "cooperative security" of social security system ofdisabled. By the government, disabled union, family, community, agency for the disabled,provided the supply of social security and social services provide in different levels ofdisabled."Cooperative security" subject is six different departments and organizations,included the government, disabled union, society, family, community, agency."collaborationguarantees" object is rural people with disabilities. the government should provide financialsupport, institutional support and legal support, provide general and special security. Thedisabled union should provide representativity,management and services. The society shouldprovide the understanding social environment. The family should provide support space andspiritual support. The community should provide living services, basic rehabilitation facilities,day care. The agency should provide specialized services to people with servious disabled.Departments and organizations collaborate, undivided, entrants, joint security.更多还原