【作者】 程娜；

【导师】 纪玉山；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 西方经济学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 当陆地对人类生活的承载力日趋极限，人口增长、环境恶化、资源短缺等种种困境日益威胁着人类的生存时，寻找新的生存和发展空间已经是各国政府及科学家们面临的重大课题。于是，人们将目光转向了占据着地球表面面积70.8%、拥有着地球总水量96.5%的海洋。作为了人类赖以生存的“第二疆土”，海洋逐渐成为人类生命的摇篮、资源的宝藏、风雨的温床、贸易的通道、国防的屏障。但随着人类社会以各种姿态向海洋的大举进军，国际海洋竞争也变得日趋激烈。尤其是自从20世纪90年代海洋逐渐吸引着越来越多国家关注的目光开始，世界主要海洋国家更是纷纷制定并调整各自的海洋发展战略，并在将本国主权管辖海域作为“蓝色国土”加以开发、利用和保护的同时，加紧向海底和大洋的勘探开发，意欲向广袤的海洋索取战略资源，争取在海洋中的有利地位和战略利益。但人类对陆域资源的疯狂掠夺带来的种种后果时刻提醒着我们在对海洋资源的开发利用过程中，必须走集约型的发展道路，注意海洋发展的可持续性。作为历史悠久的海洋大国，中国拥有着丰富的海洋资源和海洋发展经验。新中国成立后，尤其是自20世纪90年代席卷整个沿海地区的海洋开发热潮蔓延开始，海洋经济得到了持续快速的发展。海洋经济在整个国民经济体系中发挥着越来越重要的作用，海洋产业的发展已经成为中国沿海现代化进程中重要的推动力量和新世纪发展的战略重点，丰富的海洋资源为沿海经济的可持续发展提供了可靠的物质基础。但与此同时，与世界其他海洋国家面临的难题相同，在中国的海洋开发过程中诸多影响海洋经济可持续发展的问题纷纷出现。由于海洋规划的不科学、海洋科技水平的有限、涉海制度体系的不健全，许多难以克服的海洋资源的无偿、无序、无度利用现象时有发生。随着沿海地区经济的高速增长以及对海洋开发广度与深度的不断拓展,海洋资源的无谓浪费和过度开发导致了海洋资源短缺的日益严重化，海洋环境日趋恶化，传统与粗放型的海洋经济发展方式导致的海洋资源消耗强度大、废弃排放物多、海洋生态环境负荷过载等问题也越来越严重。海洋经济及其与资源环境、社会发展之间不相协调等问题日益影响到海洋经济的健康持续发展，直接或间接扰乱了海洋经济以至国民经济正常的发展秩序。这些问题随着海洋经济在中国国民经济发展中地位的提升，以及海洋经济学科理论体系的日渐成型，而逐渐引起了全国各界人士的重视。产生这些问题的最主要原因在于我们在海洋开发过程中只重视海洋的资源功能，而忽视海洋的生态、环境功能以及对海洋产业发展的科学规划，从而导致海洋开发活动和海洋经济发展与海洋实际功能的错位。因此，如何系统而深入地将可持续发展思想引入海洋经济领域，实现“海洋—经济—社会”系统的协调发展是摆在中国人面前的重大问题，也是在进行大规模海洋开发利用前必须要先解决好的关键课题。因此，本论文在中国海洋发展实践的基础上，基于海洋资源可持续利用和代际公平的资源观，结合海洋经济学、生态经济学、马克思主义技术观、制度经济学、区域经济学、产业经济学等相关理论，以经济全球化为大背景，从提高国家海洋经济长期发展的综合实力的高度出发，以国家政府力量为主导，构建中国海洋经济可持续发展战略支撑体系。中国必须把握时代机遇，以海洋资源的开发与利用、海洋生态环境的保护、海洋科学技术的创新发展、海洋经济的国际合作以及海洋可持续发展的制度创新为重要战略重点，从国家资源战略和国家利益的高度出发，将“海洋—经济—社会”系统协调发展过程中的这五大因素内部化而统一在一个可持续发展的框架内，并以制度变迁为推动力，从国家资源战略和国家利益的高度出发，深入探讨与中国海洋经济发展的战略选择相关的具体方案。核心内容在于以下六点:第一，考察中国海洋经济发展的战略重点及关键问题以及问题间的逻辑关系，探求当前中国海洋经济问题发生的根本原因；第二，以国外相对系统、完善的理论成果为研究基点，结合中国海洋资源开发利用的现状，并对现有理论模型进行改进和拓展，以动态分析的视角，构建中国海洋经济可持续发展战略支撑体系；第三，立足中国海洋资源的供求、技术、开发与管理现状，在考虑代际发展问题的前提下，对中国当前海洋的经济功能进行定位，旨在谋求一种人海系统各构成要素之间在结构和功能联系上的相对平衡；第四，基于理论和实证的研究，对中国海洋经济效率水平进行评价，并对其各影响因素进行全面而客观的判断与分析，寻找优化中国海洋产业绩效，提高海洋经济可持续发展能力的路径选择；第五，在借鉴国外先进发展实践的基础上，对中国海洋经济可持续发展的各项战略重点进行具体分析，并以中国海洋可持续发展能力为核心目标，以环境保护和代际公平的可持续发展观为指导，以市场调节为根本的运行机制，以法律法规为保障，辅以政府的监督、激励以及配套发展条件的扶持和完善，构建中国以提高海洋经济效率为核心的海洋经济可持续发展的长效运行机制；第六，基于上述研究，以中国海洋经济可持续发展的战略支撑体系为框架，从国家资源战略和国家利益的高度出发，在深入探讨的基础上做出中国海洋经济持续发展的规划、相关制度安排和政策建议。本论文的研究有助于丰富海洋经济发展理论，并对中国海洋经济发展实践具有一定的实际指导意义。具体反映在五个方面:第一，本文的研究将为制定海洋经济战略发展规划，构建海洋资源有效保护与可持续利用的长效机制，提高海洋经济综合水平，谋求人海系统各构成要素之间的平衡发展提供有效的制度性指导；第二，将弥补当前海洋经济发展研究中的绩效问题以及制度层面的研究不足，并为产业经营绩效的研究提供一种新的分析思路和方法；第三，为进一步优化中国涉海企业的产权制度、股权结构、提高经营绩效、增强核心竞争力提供路径选择和理论依据；第四，对于海洋经济中的国有企业改革与发展、建立现代企业制度将起到一定的促进作用；第五，为国家、政府管理部门旨在推进海洋经济可持续发展适时制定相关政策、为投资者正确选择和把握投资方向提供一定理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 When the bearing capacity of land for the human being increasingly limits,population growth, environmental degradation, resource shortage and otherdifficulties are increasingly threatening the survival of human beings, which makesthe searching for a new space for the human survival and development become asignificant task for the governments and scientists. Therefore people turns to theocean, which occupies70.8%of the earth’s surface and96.5%of the earth’s watersurface. Being the “second territory”for human survival, the ocean has become thecradle of life, treasure of resources, the hotbed of wind and rain, the channel of trade,as well as the barrier of national defense.But along with the human society marching in the ocean in various attitudes, aninternational competition on the ocean is becoming increasingly fierce. Especiallysince the1990’s the ocean has gradually attracted more and more national attention,the world’s major maritime countries are formulating and adjusting their marinedevelopment strategy. They regard marine areas under their jurisdiction of nationalsovereignty as "blue land" for the development, utilization and protection. What’smore, they are stepping up to the exploration and development of the seabed andocean with the desire for the strategic resources and fighting for the favorableposition and strategic interests of marine competition. But the consequences ofmadness to land resources will remind us in the process of exploitation and utilizationof marine resources, human beings’ development must adhere to an intensive way,which means to pay attention to the sustainable development of ocean.Being a big marine country for a long history, China has abundant marine resource and rich development experience. After the founding of Socialist China,especially since the1990’s the marine development boom has begun to spread acrossthe coastal areas. Marine economy has been developed sustaining and rapidly. Marineeconomy plays a more and more important role in the whole system of nationaleconomy. The development of marine industry has become an important driving forceand strategic focus of the development in the new century in the process ofmodernization of China’s coastal areas. The rich marine resources have provided areliable material basis for the sustainable development of coastal economy. At thesame time, however, facing the same problems as other marine countries in the world,China also successively confornts many problems in the process of marineexploration, which will influence the sustainable development of China’s marineeconomy emerging. Because the anti-scientific marine planning, the limited marinescience and technology, as well as the failure of marine institutional establishment,the phenomena, such as the free use, excessive use and disorder exploration of marineresources happen ofen and can not be overcome easily. With the rapid growth ofeconomy in coastal areas, as well as the expansion of the breadth and the depth of themarine exploration, waste and over-exploitation led to increasingly serious shortageof marine resources day by day, the marine environment is deteriorating, thetraditional and extensive development mode of marine economy results in the moreand more serious problems such as high consumption of marine resources, thegenerous waste emissions, and the overload of marine ecological environment. Theuncoordinated problem among the marine economy, marine resources andenvironment and social development has influenced the healthy and sustainabledevelopment of marine economy. It also directly or indirectly disrupted the marineeconomy, even the normal development order of national economy. With thepromotion of the status of marine economy in the national economy of China, as wellas the theoretical system of the discipline of marine economy gradually formed, theseproblems are gradually attracting the national attention. The main reason for these problems is that we only pay attention to the functionof marine resource, but ignore the functions of ecology and environment, as well asignoring the scientific planning for the development of marine industry in the processof marine exploration. This results in the dislocation of marine development activities,marine economic development and the factual function of ocean. Therefore, how tosystematically and deeply introduce the idea of sustainable development into the fieldof marine economy become the solution of this big issue, which can help China toachieve the coordinated development among “ocean-economy-society" system. Inaddition, it is also a key issue to be solved before marine exploration and utilizationin a large scale. Therefore, based on the practice of China’s marine development, aswell as the sustainable utilization and intergenerational equity of marine resources,this paper combined with the marine economics, ecological economics, Marx’s viewof technology, institutional economics, regional economics, industrial economics andother related theory. Under the background of economic globalization, from theperspective of the improving the comprehensive long-term development strength ofnational marine economy, it tries to construct the strategy supporting system for thesustainable development of China’s marine economy under the national governmentaldomination. It also identifies the strategy point of sustainable development of China’smarine economy. From the strategy perspective of national resource and the height ofthe national benefit, this paper regards the institutional change as a driving force. Onthis occasion, it deeply discusses on the specific strategy choice of the explorationand development of China’s marine economy.The core content of this paper are the following six points: firstly, to review thestrategy focus and key problems of China’s marine economy and the logicalrelationship between these problems, as well as to seek the fundamental reasons forChina’s marine economic problems which currently occurred. Secondly, based on therelatively systematic and consummate theoretical achievements from foreigncountries and combined with the current status of the exploration and utilization of China’s marine resources, this paper tries to improve and extend the existingtheoretical model in order to establish the strategic supporting system of sustainabledevelopment of China’s marine economy from the perspective of dynamic analysis.Thirdly, based on the current status of supply and demand, technology, explorationand management of China’s marine resources, as well as considering the problems ofintergenerational development, this paper also tries to clarify the position of currentChina’s marine economic function, in order to seek a relative balance among thestructure and function of various elements in the system of human beings and oceans.Fourthly, based on theoretical and empirical research, the paper tries to evaluate thelevel of efficiency of China’s marine economy, as well as to make a comprehensiveand objective analysis and judgment of the influence factors. What’s more, to seek forthe optimization of the performance of China’s marine industry and the path toimprove the capacity of sustainable development of marine economy. Fifthly, basedon the references to advanced developing practice of foreign countries, the paperconcretely analyzes the strategy focus of sustainable development of China’s marineeconomy. In addition, as the core goal is to promote the sustainable development ofChina’s marine economy, also with the guidance of the sustainable developmentconcept of environmental protection and intergenerational equity, as well as with thefundamental mechanism of market adjustment, this paper tries to establish along-term mechanism with the core of improving the efficiency of marine economyand sustainable development of China’s marine economy, which works along with theguarantee of laws and regulations, as well as the support and consummation ofsupervision, encouraging and conditional supplement from the government. Lastly,based on the above research, with the framework of strategic supporting system forsustainable development of China’s marine economy, this paper provides a series ofplans, institutional arrangements and policy recommendations for sustainabledevelopment of China’s marine economy which based on the deep discussion fromthe strategy of national resource and the height of national interests. This research helps to enrich the theory of China’s marine economicdevelopment; it also has a certain practical significance to the development ofChina’s marine economy. All of which are reflected in five aspects: Firstly, thisstudy will provide an effective institutional guidance for making strategic plans forthe development of marine economy, and for establishing a long-term mechanism ofeffective protection and sustainable utilization of marine resources, as well as forimproving the comprehensive level of marine economic development and seekingfor a balanced development among the elements of the system between humanbeings and ocean. Secondly, this paper will make up the deficiency in the problemsof performance and institutional aspects of the current study on marine economicdevelopment; it also provides a new analysis of idea and method for the industrialperformance. Thirdly, it provides path selection and theoretical basis for furtheroptimization of the property rights system and ownership structure of China’srelated enterprises, as well as for improving business performance and enhancingcore competitiveness. Fourthly, it also plays a certain role in promoting the reformand development, as well as establishing modern enterprise system of thestate-owned enterprises of marine economy. Lastly, this paper provides a theoreticalbasis for formulating relevant policies by the government to promote the sustainabledevelopment of marine economy, also for the investors to correctly choose anddecide the direction of investment.更多还原