【作者】 路崴崴；

【导师】 柳英绿；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 “V一下”是现代汉语中表达“小量”意义的重要结构，本文以主观量为主线从语义层面到语用层面展开讨论，期间涉及量范畴、主观化、构式以及言语行为理论、礼貌理论等。具体内容主要包括以下方面：1.从语义角度“V一下”结构可分为：①表动作具体数量的“V一下1”；②表动作小量的“V一下2”。其中“V一下2”又分为表客观小量的“V一下2a”和表主观小量的“V一下2b”，“V一下2b”只能出现在对话性语体中。2.我们梳理出“V一下”结构由客观小量转变到主观小量的认知模式，并说明了引发这种转变的动因是词汇——结构界面的语义冲突，在此基础上提出了一个新的主观量类别，即冲突型主观量。3.我们提出词汇——结构界面语义冲突的一种消解模式：互动性压制。在词汇与结构语义发生冲突的情况下，双方均作出一定程度的让步以消解语义冲突。这不同于词汇压制也不同于构式压制，与目前学界讨论的压制的互动也存在差异。4.我们按照动作量的量级差异对汉语动词作出新的分类：零量动词——小量动词——基准量动词——大量动词——超大量动词，称之为“动词量级分类连续统”。其中零量动词不可进入“V一下”结构；小量动词可进入“V一下”结构，表达客观小量；中量动词可进入“V一下”结构，既能表达客观小量也可表达主观小量；大量动词可进入“V一下”结构，表达主观小量；超大量动词不可进入“V一下”结构。同时，与“量”有关的韵律形式——音节数量以及叙述性/对话性语体也对“V一下”动词的选用也具有一定的影响。5.我们按表量情况将“V一下”结构的状语分为三类：表大量状语、表小量状语和表量情况不明确状语。表小量状语能增强“V一下2”的主观性，从而增强其礼貌级别；表大量状语与“V一下2a”结合，能够引发主观小量，而表大量状语与“V一下2a”结合，则会降低其主观性，进而降低礼貌程度。表大量状语与“V一下2”结合是“冲突型主观量”的又一例证。表量状语与“V一下”的结合展现了多种语义冲突的和解途径。6.从言语行为理论和礼貌理论两个角度展开对“V一下2”结构的考察。“V一下2”结构主要出现于指令、阐述、承诺、表达等四种言语行为中，其核心语用功能为礼貌施为。其中指令类是“V一下”最常出现的言语行为，内部情况较为复杂。为此，我们设计了一个礼貌需求指数公式：P=D+FD+AD+FO，用以计算指令类言语行为中各小类的礼貌需求指数，实现礼貌等级的量化。计算结果与语料调查数据吻合，证明了该公式的适用性和可信性。7.另外，我们还从这一角度将“V一下2”与相近结构“V一V”、“VV”作比较，指出他们在适用言语行为类型和礼貌等级上的差异。本文采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法。定量分析的数据主要来源有：北京大学语料库、当代电视连续剧剧本、日常生活中的对话等。在此基础上我们设计了多种形式的调查问卷，随机选择300人次参与了本研究的问卷调查。定性分析主要以量范畴理论、主观化理论、构式理论以及言语行为理论、礼貌理论等为理论基础，对所得数据作深入细致分析。本文的研究进一步丰富了“V一下”结构的研究，扩展了该结构的研究范围，更重要的是，通过对该结构的研究我们对汉语动词的分类、主观量的类型、客观量到主观量的转化机制、词汇——结构压制以及汉语的礼貌表达等问题有了新的认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 “V yixia” is one of the most important expression representing smallin quantity, which will be discussed with quantity category、subjectification、 construction、Speech Act Theory and Politeness Theoryto the relevant expression in detail in this paper. In specification, thepaper consists of seven chapters as illustrated below.The result of classification on “V yixia” in lines with differentmeaning will be presented in the first chapter. It is “V yixia1” thatexpresses exact amount. When expressing small in quantity, we index itas“V yixia2”. In “V yixia2”, it’s“V yixia2a” when quantity expressedis true in value, otherwise it is“V yixia2b” when only supposed smallby speaker. Note in passing,“V yixia2b” can only occur in dialogue.The interpretation of the contradictive usage of “V yixia”will befocused on in the second chapter. It is cognitive model shifting fromobjectivity to subjectivity that give rise to the contradictive meaningin the same expression. The underlying motivation lies in the meaningconflict between lexicon and structure. Given this assumption, we positsome sort of subjective quantity, namely conflicting subjective quantity.To resolve this conflict, we then assume interactive suppression. Whenlexicon and structure is inconsistent in semantic representation, bothof them have to erode in order to get agreement in meaning. It is differentfrom lexical coercion and construction coercion. It is not the same asinteractivity in coercion.Verbs are divided according to the magnitude of the activity in chapterfour, namely zero-quantity verbs、 small-quantity verbs、 epistemicmiddle-quantity verbs、large-quantity verbs and ultralarge-quantity verbs,which compromise the continuum of verbs on quantity. Zero-quantity can not be used in“V yixia”. Small-quantity verbs occur in “V yixia”withsmall in objective quantity. Epistemic middle-quantity verbs used in“Vyixia”can express small in quantity both objectivity and subjectivity.Large-quantity verbs occur in“V yixia”with small in subjective quantity.Ultralarge-quantity verbs can not occur in “V yixia”.Whether verbs can be used in “V yixia”or not is also related to thesyllable amounts and the dialogue genre.Adverbial modifier of“V yixia” also can be classified into threegroups accordingly, namely large-quantity adverbial modifier、small-quantity adverbial modifier and uncertain-quantity adverbialmodifier. Small-quantity adverbial modifier is more subjective, so it ismore polite. Merge of large-quantity adverbial modifier and“V yixia2a”can express small quantity in subjectivity. Merge of small-quantityadverbial modifier and“V yixia2a” will be less subjective, so it is lesspolite. Merge of large-quantity adverbial modifier and “V yixia2”isanother interpretation of conflicting subjective quantity. It alsorepresents various semantic conflict and the relevant resolutions.The sixth chapter is devoted to examining“V yixia”from Speech ActTheory and Politeness Theory.“V yixia” can be chosen to expressdeclarative、explanative、promise and exclamative. The core pragmaticfunction is to accomplish the aim by behaving more polite. Among them,declarative is the most common, yet the most complicated. To illustratethe divergent politeness indices in declarative, we posit the formulasaying that politeness index equals to the sum of D、FD、ADand FO. Thecredibility and accuracy of the formula gets verification by usage ofcorpus.We will also compare “V yixia” with similar expression“V yi V”and“VV”with the same means. Then we will demonstrate the types of speechact they can occur and the relevant politeness hierarchy. The methods of qualitation and quantification will be applied in thispaper. The data of quantificational analysis are from the corpus of Beijinguniversity、 the modern TV series、the dialogue in daily life and etc.Questionnaires of all forms were designed; three hundred students wereselected at random to take part in questionnaires. Quantificationalanalysis is based on quantity category、subjectification、 construction、Speech Act Theory and Politeness Theory to analyse the data.The research on “V yixia”will be enrichedand widened in this paper,more importantly,the classification of Chinese verb、 types ofsubjectificative quantity、shifting mechanism from objective quantityto subjectificative quantity、suppression from Vocabulary–structureare newly acquainted.更多还原