【作者】 赵志强；

【导师】 殷琨；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 地质工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会经济的不断进步发展，特别是进入21世纪以来，世界各国特别是中国对各种矿产资源尤其是油气资源、铁矿石、煤炭等基础资源的需求量越来越大，与而同时我国的开发难度低的浅表层矿山资源的勘探开发已接近了尾声，而中西部边远地区因为复杂的地质与恶劣的自然环境条件一直没有得到充分的勘查。世界范围内资源的供应与价格问题对中国经济发展的影响逐渐的浮出水面，所以为了中国经济的稳定增长，应该立足于国内的资源自给，开发研究先进设备与钻探工艺技术以保障各种资源的供应显得尤为重要。我国自主研发的贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取心钻探技术是集潜孔锤高效碎岩、流体介质全孔反循环、不停钻连续获取岩矿心三种先进钻探工艺于一体，效率可达常规钻探方法的6～10倍，全孔反循环对孔壁无冲刷，不停钻连续地排出岩（矿）心，不用水，不受季节寒冷、地层破碎或冻结、缺水等因素的影响，可以用于西部边远地区的矿产勘查工作。吉林大学现在该技术研究中处于国际领先地位，利用该技术解决了一大批钻探难题。但在推广该项技术过程中也发现一些问题：随着钻探设备尤其是空压机性能参数的大幅度提高，大风量高风压空压机应用一方面是加快了潜孔锤的钻进效率，但在地层条件特别复杂的情况（破碎、漏失）出现孔口返风、岩心采取率不够的情况。反循环潜孔锤钻头作为贯通式反循环连续取心钻进的关键技术，它的性能如何直接制约着这项技术的推广应用，因此需要对反循环钻进技术开展深入详细的理论与试验研究。在20多年的研究过程中，吉林大学设计了大批不同结构参数的反循环钻头，但是却没有一个定量的分析，说明这些钻头结构参数对反循环钻头性能的影响。如果反循环形成不畅、一般是在生产试验现场进行钻头结构参数的调整，这些都不能定量的分析反循环性能的好坏。所以本文对已设计应用过的反循环钻头结构进行分析，找出哪些局部结构参数改变是好的改进方向，哪些结构参数的改变是应该避免的，然后对反循环钻头局部结构进行试验设计优化，为高性能反循环钻头的设计提供理论与试验支撑。本文具体的研究内容与结论如下：1、本文总结了冲击回转课题组在过去20多年间设计的4个反循环钻头试验器的用途与设计特点。针对他们的不足（仅仅是用于特定的钻头规格尺寸，不能用来检验钻头实体的反循环效果），结合反循环钻头在生产试验使用过程中出现的新问题，创新地设计了多功能FZS-89-00反循环钻头模拟试验器。论文详细阐述了FZS-89-00反循环钻头模拟试验器的设计目的、原则以及它的各部分结构的详细组成与各自的功能作用。最后介绍了反循环钻头试验所用的各种设备、测试测量仪器、室内试验所用的管汇连接（更接近施工现场的管汇连接）等。2、总结了多引射器式贯通式反循环潜孔锤钻头的发展历史、结构原理、各次优化改进之处及它们各自的野外试验应用情况。根据各次野外试验应用过程中统计的反循环钻头使用效果特别是反循环效果不佳的花键内喷孔钻头，针对这个问题利用FZS-89-00反循环钻头试验台进行了室内试验，找出了问题存在的原因。根据钻头的结构形式与实际的生产试验情况，反循环钻头的优化方向筛选为：内喷孔部位采用双排螺旋型内喷孔布置形式，钻头底唇面的扩压槽则采用螺旋切边的布置形式。3、采用正交试验设计与EFD仿真技术方法，在数值模拟的理论基础上，利用FZS-89-00反循环钻头模拟试验器，研究讨论诸多钻头结构参数对反循环效果的影响，以寻找每个结构参数的最优水平值和钻头结构的最佳结构参数组合。优选出一个最优反循环效果的钻头结构参数，为后续生产试验应用提供数据和理论依据。经过理论与试验的验证，双排内喷孔与螺旋型扩压槽形式是有利于反循环钻头对外环空间隙内的空气产生抽吸作用，是反循环钻头未来设计的一个方向。4、引用引射器原理设计的大直径气力反循环钻头，被用于解决工程施工、排渣难题。在钻头结构参数优化设计过程中，采用正交试验设计对钻头结构参数进行优化，得到钻头6个结构参数的主次因素和最优水平，优选出最优的钻头理论参数组合。同时钻头6个结构参数显著影响目标值Q环空，L8(27)与L18(37)正交表中各因素的主次顺序一致，它们对目标值Q环空影响的主次顺序是：喷嘴直径Dn，喷嘴数量N，喷嘴偏转角度θd，喷嘴倾斜角度θs，引导段直径Dg，喷嘴长度L。最优的理论参数组合所获得的Q环空均大于L18(37)正交表中任意参数组合的Q环空，并且这组参数组合不在L18(37)正交表中。本文的主要创新点包括：1、FZS-89-00反循环钻头模拟试验器的设计接近实际反循环钻进条件，功能多样性，可以模拟多种地层条件下反循环钻进，可以检验多规格系列反循环钻头实物的反循环效果。2、设计的模块化钻头具有结构参数调整方便快捷，可作为1:1钻头的实物进行试验研究的特点。单因素试验下筛选出最优钻头结构参数后，对筛选出的各结构参数进行正交试验设计，并考虑交互项对结果的影响。经过FZS-89-00反循环钻头模拟试验器进行钻头实物的正交试验设计，得到钻头最优结构参数的结论与理论对比分析。3、创新的将引射器原理应用到大直径潜孔锤气力反循环钻头结构设计中，实现了稳定的反循环效果，这有助于攻克大直径钻孔在复杂地层条件下的钻进、排渣难题。并且利用正交试验设计原理对钻头结构参数进行了详细的分析，找到了一个最优反循环效果的钻头结构参数组合。4、正交试验设计与回归分析贯穿整篇论文，指导钻头的理论与试验研究。全面系统地研究各结构参数对反循环效果的影响，并且检查各因素之间的交互项，最大程度的保证正交试验设计的准确性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The social, resources and environment are closely correlated to our daily life with theblooming and development of the social economics, especially in21century. Every countryincluded China has the increasing demands for various mine resource and energy resource,especially the demands for oil and gas resource, iron ore, coal and other black metals. Inaddition, this huge demand has started to rank first place all over the word. In the meantime,the exploration as well as exploitation of mining resources deposited in shallow and easilyexploiting formations is near the end. However, remote areas in Midwest of China have notbeen fully exploited with mineral resource due to the complicated geological conditions andnatural environment. Now days, the influence of resource supply and price problem onChina’s economic development will gradually arise. In order to maintain the stable growthof China’s economic, it should be based on domestic and researches on advanced drillingequipment and drilling technology should be conducted, which is particularly important toensure the supply of various resources.The reverse circulation drilling technology of hollow through DTH air hammer is a setof efficient coring with DTH air hammer, full-hole reverse circulation with drilling fluids,and continuous coring without power lack. The drilling efficiency of this technology can be6to10times compared to the conventional drilling methods. There is no erosion for thewall of borehole while drilling with full-hole reverse circulation technology, and the corescan be continuously obtained without persistent rotation. This technology can be used in thedrilling exploration in remote areas in Midwest of China, because it can’t be limited bywater, season, broken stratum and hard rock. Now, this technology is of internationaladvanced level and a large number of productive drilling problems can be solved by utilizing this technology. However, few detects has been found in the promotionalapplication process when drilling with this technology. With the development of drillingequipment, especially the great improvement of air compressor, the application of largeairflow and high pressure compressor have two opposite aspects. On the one hand, it canimprove the drilling efficiency with the DTH air hammer. On the other hand, the corerecovery is not qualified and the compressed air flows out of the orifice while drilling inextremely complicated stratum, such as broken and fractured formations. The DTH airhammer is the key component of hollow through reverse circulation continuous coringtechnology, and the successful promotion application of this advanced technology can belimited by the performance of the DTH air hammer, so it is necessary to conduct thedetailed theoretical and experimental research.Series of reverse circulation drill bit with different structural parameters have beendesigned by Jilin University in the20years of continuous study, but there is no quantitativeanalysis shows that the structural parameters could have an impact on the performance ofthe reverse circulation drill bit. Furthermore, once the reverse circulation can’t be generatedor the reverse circulation is not enough, the structure of the drill bit is just adjusted in thedrill site, which is not the quantitative analysis for the performance of the reversecirculation. Therefore, the structure of the applied reverse circulation drill bit has beenanalyzed in this paper, and the local structural modification is a good direction for theimprovement of the drill bit, on the other hand, some modification should be avoided bythis analysis. In the end, the experimental design and optimization can be obtained for thelocal structure of the advanced drill bit, and it can provide the theoretical and experimentalsupport for the design of reverse circulation drill bit with high-performance.Specific contents and conclusions of this study are as follows：1.This paper summarize design features of4reverse circulation bit tester in the past20years by our group。Aiming at their shortcomings (only for special drill bit size, cannot beused to test the effect of reverse circulation bit entities), and combined with the pumpkin inthe production test problems in the using process, we design the multifunctional FZS-89-00reverse circulation drilling simulatorcreatively.Expounds the design objective in detail,FZS-89-00reverse circulation drilling simulator’s design principles and detailed structuresof each part of it with the respective function.Finally, we introduced the laboratory test equipment, test and measurement equipment which are used in reverse circulation bit testdesign, pile connection which is used in the indoor test(closer to the construction site) etc.2.We summarized the development history, structure and working principle of themulti-ejector hollow through DTH reverse circulation drill bit, the optimizationimprovement and their respective field application test.According to the improved schemewhich can achieve the anticipated effect in the field test and application, improvementwhich cannot achieve the drill bit with splined inner nozzle, laboratory experiments weredone using FZS-89-00pump kin, find out the cause of the problem.3. According to structure and practice in the production test, we select optimization ofreverse circulation bit as follows: the locations of inner nozzles use the arrangement ofdouble spiral nozzle in the double-nozzle reverse circulation drill bit, the bottom nozzle andbottom working face of the drill bit is arranged on the basis of the arrangement of spiralcutting edge.4.Using orthogonal design and EFD simulation techniques, on the theory basis ofnumerical simulation, using FZS-89-00reverse circulation bit simulation tester, we studyand discuss the influence of many parameters on the reverse circulation drill structureeffect,for optimal values for the parameters of each structure and the optimum combinationof structural parameters of the bit structure.And then an optimal bit structure parameters ofreverse circulation effect was selected,providing data and theoretical basis for thesubsequent production test and application.After verification of theory and test, double rowinner nozzle holes and spiral diffuser slot form is conducive to reverse circulation bit pumpon the air in the external ring gap, is a future direction of bit design.5.Large diameter pneumatic reverse circulation bit which is designed using Ejectorprinciple is used to solve the construction problem, slag.In the design process of the drill bit,orthogonal test design is used to drill bit structure parameters,we optimized optimal bittheory parameter combination. At the same time6bit structural parameters significantlyaffect the target value Q. The order of each factor in L8(27) and L18(37) orthogonal tableare consistent.Primary and secondary order of their effects on the target value Q is: nozzle diameterDn, nozzle number N deflection angle θ D, nozzle, nozzle angle θ s, boot diameter Dg, nozzle length L.Q which is obtained by the optimal theoretical parameters combination aremore than that in L18(37) orthogonal table consistently. And Q which is obtained by theoptimal theoretical parameters combination is not in L18(37) orthogonal table.The main innovations of this paper are as follows:1.The design of FZS-89-00reverse circulation drilling simulator is close to the actualconditions of reverse circulation drilling and functional diverse.It can simulate theconditions of the reverse circulation drilling under a variety of formation,can test reversecirculation effect of a series of real reverse circulation bit.And we can change regulatedrilling parameters conveniently and quickly.With a lot of parameters measurementinterface,we can measure conveniently.2.For the production test of on-site problems that reverse circulation effect was notperfect,according to the theoretical analysis and experimental study, we explain mainlyfrom the structure and velocity within the spray hole,which illustrate that effect of innernozzle length and path of fluid into the inner orifice are very strong.3.Modular drill designed by us has the following features:drilling parameters canchanged conveniently and quickly and it can be used as the drill bit physical experiment atthe1:1ratio. After select an optimal bit structural parameters combination in the singlefactor test conditions,orthogonal test design is used to them,and considering the effect of theinteraction term. After orthogonal test design is used to FZS-89-00reverse circulationdrilling simulator,we can come to a conclusion: the obtained the optimal parameters isconsistently to theoretical analysis.4. Ejector principle was innovatively applied to the design of pneumatic large diameterDTH air hammer reverse circulation drill bit, and achieve a stable reverse circulation effect,which is conducive to solve a thorny problem of large diameter drilling slag in complicatedstratum drilling under the complex formation.And we applied the orthogonal test designprinciple to analysis the bit structure parameters,figured out a bit structure parameterscombination with which DTH hammer can achieve optimal reverse circulation effect.更多还原