【作者】 许秋华；

【导师】 唐子恒；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 宋代笔记之作繁盛,其内容包罗万象,口语化的程度也较高,是语言研究的有效资料。本文从纷繁的宋人笔记中选取了九部口语化程度较高的作品作为研究对象,主要采取定量统计与逐类分析结合、共时描写与历时比较结合、语言分析与文化阐释结合等综合研究方法,将语料中的称谓词语分为亲属称谓与社会称谓两大类进行系统的分析研究。首先,在认真阅读文本的基础之上,找出其中的全部约1780个称谓词语(此数据不含人名称谓),对它们作出系统而详尽的分类；其次,全面而广泛地考察每类称谓词语的真实面貌,对一些前人研究未完善的词语,分析用法,解释意义,并依据语言事实进行求证；第三,对一些在汉语史各个不同时期有发展变化的称谓词语,将其置于汉语的动态发展史中,考察其在不同时期的发展变化情况；第四,从多角度发掘称谓词语中所蕴涵的历史、文化因素；第五,总结宋人笔记称谓词语研究的贡献以及不足之处。论文共分五章。第一章：绪论。包括四个部分：汉语称谓词语研究的历史与现状,宋人笔记称谓词语的研究价值,语料的选择及研究方法,称谓词语概念的界定及分类。通过对汉语称谓词语研究的历史与现状进行回顾与总结,发现宋代称谓词语研究是其中的薄弱环节,因而对宋人笔记称谓词语的研究具有重要意义：一方面对近代汉语研究有重要参考意义,另一方面可以填补专书称谓词语研究的空白,对断代称谓词语研究有重要帮助,同时对词典编纂也有一定的参考价值。第二章：亲属称谓词语。包括四个部分：第一部分,血亲称谓,按照辈分顺序对语料中出现的180多个表示血缘亲属关系的称谓词语进行细致的分析、描写。第二部分,姻系称谓,按照夫族亲属、妻族亲属的顺序对语料中出现的近70个表示婚姻亲属关系的称谓词语进行详尽的分析与描写。第三部分,总称与合称,对语料中出现的各种亲属的总称与合称进行研究。第四部分,宋人笔记亲属称谓的特点及其文化内涵,总结笔记亲属称谓词语的构词特点、使用特点,发掘其中蕴藏的文化内涵。笔记亲属称谓词语特别关注父系血缘关系的远近,男女性别和年龄、辈分的差异,血亲与姻亲的分别,体现出长幼有序、男女有别、内外有别的特点,这是由中国宗法制社会的历史文化背景所决定的,同时,这些差别也从一个侧面反映出宋代社会乃至整个中国社会的历史文化特点,突出表现为：以家庭血缘纽带维系的宗法制度、以“孝悌”为集中体现的社会伦理道德观念、强烈的尊卑有定的等级意识。第三章与第四章以语义特征为纲,构词特征为目,对语料中出现的社会称谓词语进行详尽、细致的分析描写。第三章：社会称谓词语(上)。包括三个部分：第一部分,身份社会称谓,包括10个贵族称谓、39个平民称谓、57个文人称谓、5个武人称谓、17个贼盗称谓、8个囚犯称谓、9个隐逸称谓、12个行旅称谓、51个民族称谓、72个宗教徒称谓、184个官吏称谓。第二部分,职业社会称谓,包括33个农牧渔樵猎类职业称谓、95个工人类职业称谓、19个商人类职业称谓、76个兵将称谓、14个医类职业称谓、14个巫师术士类职业称谓、5个乞丐称谓、13个妓女称谓、6个媒妁类职业称谓、16个劳工杂役类职业称谓。第三部分,社会交际关系称谓,包括17个同类关系称谓、23个朋友称谓、7个仇敌称谓、8个邻里称谓、8个同事称谓、46个主仆关系称谓、25个主客关系称谓、28个师生关系称谓、13个上下级关系称谓、5个其他关系称谓。第四章：社会称谓词语(下)。包括七个部分：第一部分,特征称谓系统,包括17个由身体特征得来的称谓、101个由品行才智得来的称谓、8个由经济状况得来的称谓、34个由居住地域得来的称谓。第二部分,性别称谓系统,包括12个男人称谓、38个女人称谓和4个合称。第三部分,年龄称谓系统,包括19个儿童称谓、6个青少年称谓、33个老人称谓和4个合称。第四部分,帝王称谓系统,包括59个帝王称谓、74个帝王的亲属称谓、47个帝王的近侍护卫人员包括随从护卫人员、宦官、宫女的称谓。第五部分,指代性称谓系统,本文所谓指代性称谓是指在特定语境中即通过对话产生的人际称谓,包括自称、对称、他称、泛称、旁称。“自称”是对话中说话人对自己的称谓,分为第一人称代词、反身代词与谦称。“对称”是说话人对受话人的称谓,分为第二人称代词与尊称。“他称”是对第三者的称谓,主要是第三人称代词。第六部分,总结宋代社会不同阶层的人物命名特点,发掘其文化内涵。此外,对宋代形形色色的人物绰号从认知语言学、语用学、修辞学、文化语言学等多个角度进行分析研究。第七部分,宋人笔记社会称谓词语的特点及其文化内涵。总结了宋人笔记社会称谓词语的构词特点和使用特点,构词特点表现为三个方面,一是以单音称谓词为语素,构成大量的复合称谓词；二是一些构词语素词缀化十分突出；三是借代性称谓词广泛应用。使用特点突出表现为亲属称谓泛化、职官称谓泛化、含有鲜明的褒义或贬义色彩的称谓开始出现泛化的倾向。社会称谓词语更能体现宋代独特的历史文化面貌：“重文轻武”的时代风气,文官掌权的政治体制,外患频仍的民族形势,繁荣发达的商业经济与市民文化,佛道的兴盛与民间宗教的萌芽发展。第五章：宋人笔记对称谓词语研究的贡献,包括三个部分：第一部分,笔记称谓词语研究的内容,笔记称谓词语研究涉及的内容十分庞杂,包括对前代文献中出现的称谓词语的考辨、对宋代制度称谓、方俗称谓、特有职业称谓的考证与训诂以及对称谓词语中常用语素的训诂等诸多内容。第二部分,笔记称谓词语研究的特点,总结笔记称谓词语研究的特点：引证丰富,考证翔实；追根溯源,考辨清晰；纠正谬误,见解独到。第三部分,宋人笔记称谓词语研究对后代的影响,主要体现在三个大的方面：第一,保存了大量训诂资料；第二,对后代的字典辞书编纂有重要贡献；第三,为其他方面的研究提供了资料。本文的创新之处有：第一,宋人笔记口语化程度较高,能够在一定程度上反映宋代语言的面貌,本文选取九部有代表性的宋人笔记作语料,研究宋代称谓词语,在语料的选择上具有一定的创新性,可以弥补断代研究中宋代称谓词语研究的不足。第二,着重考察宋代新兴的称谓词语的语义、语用特征,注意历时研究,对其在现代方言中的演变情况进行研究,做成表格。特别是一些前人未加注意的新词,对其产生年代和造词理据,详加考辨,提出己见。第三,注意同一时期其他语料的共时对比研究,注意称谓词语动态发展的研究。本文的不足之处是：称谓词语与历史文化关系密切,宋人笔记称谓词语具有丰富的文化内涵,但惜本人学力未逮,未能深入开掘；此外,对一些词语词义、语用的演变的考察尚有疏漏之处。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the Song Dynasty the notes were very prosperous.They covered and contained everything. The colloguial quality is fairly high. They are important objects of the study of Chinese. This paper selects nine books form a lot of Notes of Song Dynasty as research object according to the principle that use works of high degree oral as corpus, and use research methods such as combining quantitative statistics with class analysis, combining synchronic description with diachronic comparison, combining language analysis with culture interpretation. First, based on the closed statistics, we find the common and personality of the1780appellation terms (not including names), and classify them systematic nd detailed. Second, we describe the true face of all kinds of appellation terms comprehensively and authentically, and prove them with the language facts in order to find the regularity of this kind of words and fill the research gaps. Third,to some changed appellation terms during Chinese language history,we place them in the dynamic history of Chinese language to study the developments at different times. This paper is divided into five chapters.Chapter One:Introduction.This chapter Consists of four parts:history and present situation of Chinese appellation terms study,significance of the study about appellation terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty, corpora choice,research methods, conception and classification of appellation terms. Through the review and comprehensive summary of history and current status on the study of Chinese appellation terms, we have found the study of appellation terms in the Song Dynasty is one of the weak points, so this study is of great significance. On the one hand, it is an important reference to modern Chinese studies.On the other hand,it fills the research gaps of the appellation terms’ study of special books and is important help to the dating study of appellation terms, at the same time it has some reference value for compiling dictionaries.Chapter Two:Relative appellation terms. This chapter consists of four parts:First,appellation terms of blood relatives, in this part we detailed analysis and descripe180appellation terms of blood relatives according to the seniorty.Second,appellation terms of affinity relatives, in this part we detailed analysis and descripe nearly70appellation terms of affinity relatives according to the order that the relative appellation terms about husband’s family before the relative appellation terms about wife’s family.Third,generic appellation terms, in this part we detailed analysis and descripe35generic appellation terms collectively of all relatives and generic appellation terms collectively of all ancestors and the far end of the sons.Forth,the characteristics and cultural connotation of relative appellation terms of the Notes of Song Dynasty.In this part we summary the formation characteristics and the useage characteristics of the relative appellation terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty and explore its cultural connotation.Chapter Three:Appellation Terms of Social Relatives (Ⅰ).This chapter consists of three parts:First, appellation Terms of ranks. In this part we analysis and explain10appellation terms of nobleman,39appellation terms of the common people,57appellation terms of scholar,5appellation terms of armyman,17appellation terms of bandit,8appellation terms of prisoner,9appellation terms of hermit,12appellation terms of traveler,51appellation terms of nation,72appellation terms of religious person and184appellation terms of government officials.T Second, appellation terms of occupation. In this part we analysis and explain33appellation terms of peasant,herd,fishernan, woodcutter and hunter,95appellation terms of craftsman,19appellation terms of businessman,76appellation terms of guard and general,14appellation terms of doctor,14appellation terms of sorcerer,5appellation terms of beggar,13appellation terms of prostitute and some others. Third,,relations appellation terms. In this part we analysis and explain17appellation terms of group,23appellation terms of friend,7appellation terms of foe,8appellation terms of neighbour,8appellation terms of colleague,46appellation terms of master and servant,25appellation terms of host and guest,28appellation terms of teacher and student,13appellation terms of higher and lower and5appellation terms of others.Chapter Four:Appellation Terms of Social Relatives(Ⅱ). This chapter consists of seven parts:First,characteristic appellation terms. In this part we analysis and explain17appellation terms about health,101appellation terms about behaviour and intelligence,8appellation terms about pecuniation condition and35appellation terms about domicile. Second, appellation terms of sex. In this part we analysis and explain12appellation terms of man,38appellation terms of woman and4appellation terms of man and woman.Third, appellation terms of age. In this part we analysis and explain19appellation terms of child,6appellation terms of youth,33appellation terms of old man and4appellation terms of all above. Fourth, appellation terms of the emperor. In this part we analysis and explain59appellation terms of emperor,74appellation terms of the relatives of emperor,47appellation terms of the servent of emperor.Fifth,Coreference Appellation Terms. It refers interpersonal appellation terms in dialogue, including appellation Terms in direct and indirect way, first personal pronouns and modest appellation terms, second personal pronouns, third personal pronouns.Sixth, the names in the Notes of Song Dynasty. This chapter summarized the naming characteristics of the different social classes, to explore its cultural connotation. In addition, it analysis of the nicknames of people in Song Dynasty from the point of view of cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, rhetoric, cultural linguistics etc..Seven, the characteristics and cultural connotation of social of the Notes of Song Dynasty. In this part we summary the formation characteristics and the useage characteristics of the social appellation terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty. The formation characteristics is embodied in the following areas:First,use monosyllabic appellation terms as morpheme to form compound appellation terms;Second,the affixation of some appellation terms is very pressing;Third,metonymy appellation terms is extensive used.The useage characteristics of the social appellation terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty is embodied in the phenomenon that one word refers to more than one appellation term and multi-words refer to only one appellation term.Chapter Five:the contribution of the Notes of Song Dynasty for the research of Appellation Terms.This chapter is innovation.lt consists of three parts:First,the contents of the research of Appellation Terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty. The contents of the research of appellation terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty is very multifarious.Second,the characteristics of the research of appellation terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty.Third,the influence of the research of appellation terms in the Notes of Song Dynasty.The corpus of this thesis is new. Most words this thesis studied are new. Pay attention to synchronic comparative study during the same period and the study of the dynamic development of the appellation words,There are some shortcomings about finding the cultural connotation of the relative appellation terms and the social appellation terms and the explaining of some appellation terms.更多还原