当代江南城市审美意象研究

【作者】 张骏；

【导师】 古风；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 文艺学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 改革开放以来,我国城市化进程突飞猛进,城市规模扩大了,城市形象改善了,城市经济繁荣了,然而城市问题也日趋严重了,江南城市也同样是如此。因此,从城市审美意象的角度出发,思考如何解决城市问题和建设美好的当代江南城市,成为美学研究的新课题。科学、全面的构建和分析“当代江南城市审美意象”,不但可以总结当代江南城市的发展状况和审美经验,还能够从美学视角探寻其自然环境破坏、文脉断裂、市民归属感下降等诸多城市问题的解决之道,并为江南城市的个性定位与发展提供美学理论的支持。鉴于研究对象的特征,本文采用了理论分析与城市发展实践相结合；当代意识与历史传统相统一；定性分析为主,定量分析作为适当补充的跨学科综合性研究方法,力图解决三大问题,即当代江南城市应该呈现出怎样的审美意象特征；当代江南城市凸显的系列城市问题,从美学视角应如何应对；美学视域下当代江南城市群及单体江南城市的个性定位与发展路径是什么。本文主体部分分为五个章节,从“江南城市审美意象体系”的构建、“江南城市自然环境审美意象”、“江南城市人文景观审美意象”、“江南城市生活空间审美意象”和“江南城市审美意象与城市个性”等方面展开具体研究。“江南城市审美意象体系”的建构是本文理论架构的基础。本文采用视域融合的方法,以美学视角为基础同时兼顾地理、政治、经济的标准开展研究,研究结果表明“长江三角洲地区”就是当代“江南地区”的主要范围。因此,本文所探讨的当代江南城市即是指代长江三角洲地区的城市群。在后现代反人类中心主义的生态发展观、解构主义的文脉发展观、参与性的市民发展观和反逻各斯中心主义的个性发展观等理论的指导下,结合对当代江南城市凸显的城市问题的梳理与分析,本文构建起了“当代江南城市审美意象体系”。这一体系从广度模式上包含江南城市自然环境审美意象、人文景观审美意象、生活空间审美意象三大要素。从深度模式上则包括审美符号、审美形象和审美意蕴三个层面。本文的主体部分融合了广度与深度模式,遵循“思”——“言、象、意”——“行”的逻辑顺序对自然环境、人文景观、生活空间三大审美意象展开深入分析,并在此基础上对当代江南城市个性问题展开探讨。自然环境审美意象是当代江南城市审美意象的重要维度。在前现代性语境中,江南城市的传统自然价值观可以总结为“山水以明道”,而现代性语境下的江南城市秉持的则是一种“自然的祛魅观”,后现代性语境下的江南城市必须走上自然的“返魅之路”,才能保持江南之所以为“江南”的特性所在。当代江南城市自然环境审美意象的审美符号层面是丰富多彩的,通过对其典型代表：灵动的水、秀美的山、明艳的花、朦胧的月的分析,可以发现江南自然环境充满着灵秀和动感之美,表征着一种幽雅、含蓄和自由的魅力。自然环境审美意象的审美形象层面是对构建当代江南“山水园林城市”的期盼,而“诗意”的审美符号和“山水园林城市”的审美形象之下所蕴含的审美意蕴层面则可以归纳为“天人合一”。在具体的城市建设实践中尊重自然的肌理、保持生态的完整、改变市民行为的方式等是达成深生态主义,实现自然返魅,优化当代江南城市自然环境审美意象的重要途径。人文景观审美意象体现着江南城市文脉的传承与创新。本文所研究的江南城市人文景观是指城市中固化的景观群落,是以建筑为核心的城市物质性的书写,实用性与审美性兼备,体现着地域性的审美特点,是流动的城市历史的固化表征。当代江南城市人文景观审美意象的符号层面可以从历史古迹、仿古景观、现代建筑和城市小品四种典型符号入手。通过审美符号层面的研究,可以发现历史文化和现代文明的互动关系,彰显出了一座城市文脉的生生不息。因此,实现人文景观的科学保育与打造,才能构建起“拼贴城市”的审美形象,并促进城市文脉的发展,达成“古今交融”的人文景观审美意蕴。江南城市生活空间审美意象更倾向于一种“城市主体参与性审美活动”的范畴。因为,城市的生活空间既是客观存在的物质形态,也是市民融入空间性景观环境之中审美感知和实践的产物。“生活空间”自身独特的美学价值体现在其蕴含的“场所精神”之中,与“脱域的审美救赎”、“生命的审美印记”以及“情感的审美维系”密切相关。通过对住宅、街巷、干道、广场四个层层扩大的当代江南城市生活空间审美符号的分析,可以发现,市民在空间中的生活状况、生活方式从根本上决定了空间本身是否能够实现“有意味的空间感”,从而成为市民生活的舞台和审美的对象。因此,想要实现当代江南城市生活空间的优化,就必须从市民的生活入手,重视市民对生活空间的情感需求,尊重市民生活空间审美实践的权利,提升其呵护生活空间的意识与修养,从而建立起人居城市的审美形象,揭示出诗意栖居的生活空间审美意蕴,促成“从宜居到乐居”的江南城市生活空间的新发展。江南城市个性的问题在很大程度上就是城市审美个性的问题,不同的审美特征塑造了城市千差万别的个性特点,而鲜明的城市个性又带给城市居民和旅游者迥然不同的审美体验。在“个性与共性”、“熟悉与陌生”这两组概念的辨析中,可以找寻到当代江南城市个性逐渐消解的美学原因。城市的审美个性存在着内与外、主与次、稳与变的综合性特征,正是在这多种特征的共同作用下,一座城市才会呈现出丰富多彩的审美面貌。而对自然环境、人文景观和生活空间的分析则从城市与自然,城市与文化,城市与生活的角度切入了城市审美个性构成的探讨。当然,这三者也并不是孤立的存在,而是彼此融合,彼此影响,共同构成了城市审美个性的主要维度。通过区域对比,考察江南城市群与同样代表当代中国城市审美特点的巴蜀、岭南、燕赵地区城市群的差异,可以发现江南城市群应该是人们在一片秀山媚水之中,在地域文化的绵延与由来已久的审美意识的传承之下,在随和、亲近的生活空间里展开诗意生活的城市群落。而作为整体形态出现的江南城市群与其他地域城市群相互区别的个性所在也正是江南城市群的共性特征。江南城市群内部的城市之间也存在着城市审美个性的差别,本文发放了问卷1400份,使用社会学统计软件对大样本一手数据进行分析,从而使用定性为主,定量为辅的方法对南京都市圈进行纵横聚焦的审美意象分析,为单体性的当代江南城市审美个性的定位提供了思路和借鉴。城市美学的研究在我国还处于起步阶段,其中城市审美意象的系统分析更是少有涉及。本文的创新点则主要体现在四个方面：其一,将“城市美学”理论与“意象”理论相融合,明确的从城市审美意象的角度开展对当代江南城市的分析。诠释了“城市审美意象”这一概念的广度与深度模式。在此基础上,从当代江南城市的发展现状入手,结合“江南文化”的研究成果,构建起了科学、全面的“当代江南城市审美意象体系”,完善了城市审美意象研究的理论框架。其二,从美学视角出发,针对城市问题提出了具体的解决思路与策略。面对当代江南城市所凸显的“自然环境恶化”、“地域文脉断裂”、“市民归属感丧失”等问题,本文从“自然环境审美意象”、“人文景观审美意象”和“生活空间审美意象”的维度入手,从审美符号、审美形象和审美意蕴的层面探讨了具体城市问题的解决之道,促进了城市美学理论与城市建设实践的结合。其三,从审美意象角度探寻当代江南城市个性定位与彰显的途径。本文从审美意象的角度切入江南城市个性的分析,确立了当代江南城市群和典型单体江南城市的审美个性,从理论上厘清了城市审美特征与城市个性的关系,从实践上有利于解决江南城市特征雷同,个性消解的现实问题。其四,本文将江南城市审美意象的发展历程放在前现代性、现代性和后现代性的语境中加以思考,首次梳理和总结出了江南城市审美意象从“初身份”、“去身份”、“无身份”到“再身份”的发展轨迹。而在对当代江南城市审美意象的研究中,则将现代性和后现代性的相关理论引入分析的过程,使得本文的研究基于坚实的理论基础之上,力图做到生活与艺术相统一,理论与实践相结合,从而促进城市美学理论和江南城市建设实践的新发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The sunrise basks the blooms in fiery glow, and the spring waters of blue as sapphire flow. Jiangnan is the very dreaming place since ancient times. Urban problems are becoming more obvious under modern context by fast urbanization since opening up. So are cities in the south of Yangtze River. Since aesthetic affection of daily life and closer ties of literature and art research with vivid social life practice, thoughts on building modern and beautiful cities in the south of Yangtze River from perspective of urban aesthetic image is a new direction of literature and art research. Scientific and comprehensive building and analysis of modern urban aesthetic image of cities in the south of Yangtze River could not only explain the ideal conditions of modern urban aesthetic features of cities in the south of Yangtze River, but also exploiting solutions on actual condition problems like environmental destruction, breaking down of urban culture and context, decreasing citizen’s sense of belonging from perspective of aesthetics and providing aesthetic support for individualized positioning and development of cities in the south of Yangtze River.Considering the features of research object, this dissertation adopts cross-subject comprehensive research method of combining theoretical analysis with urban development practice, unifying contemporary consciousness with historical tradition, focusing on qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis as supplementary one. This paper tries to solve the following three problems. What aesthetic image features should be presented in contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River? How should we cope with urban problems of contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River from perspective of aesthetics? What are individualized positioning and development route of contemporary urban city group and individual city in the south of Yangtze River from perspective of aesthetics? There are five chapters in the body of this dissertation:construction of urban aesthetic image system of cities in the south of Yangtze River, natural environment aesthetic image, cultural landscape aesthetic image, living space aesthetic image, aesthetic image and urban character.Construction of urban aesthetic image system of cities in the south of Yangtze River is the theoretical framework of this paper. By fusion of horizons, based on perspective of aesthetics and taking geographical, political and economical standards, we could found that the Yangtze River delta region is the main category of contemporary area in the south of Yangtze River. Therefore, contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River discussed in this dissertation are city group in the Yangtze River delta region. Guided by ecological development concept of post-modernity counter-anthropocentrism, urban culture and context development concept of deconstruction, citizen development of participation, and individuality development concept of delogocentrism, contemporary urban aesthetic image system of cities in the south of Yangtze River could be constructed by combing and analyzing urban problems like natural environment deterioration, breaking down of urban culture and context, citizen’s loss of sense of belonging and disintegration of urban individuality. This system includes three factors of natural environment aesthetic image, cultural landscape aesthetic image and living space aesthetic image; three levels of aesthetic sign, aesthetic image and aesthetic connotation. The body of this dissertation integrates both breadth and depth models, following logic order of thoughts—sign, image, connotation—practice to analyze natural environment, cultural landscape and living space, making a discussion on urban individuality of cities in the south of Yangtze River.Natural environment aesthetic image is an important dimension of contemporary urban aesthetic image of cities in the south of Yangtze River. Under the context of pre-modernity, the traditional natural values could be summarized as insight from landscape; while under the context of modernity, it is natural disenchantment values; but cities in the south of Yangtze River have to adapt the way of enchantment to keep their specialty of South of Yangtze River under the context of post-modernity. Aesthetic signs of natural environment aesthetic image of contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River are colorful. Through analysis on its typical samples like nimble waters, elegant mountains, bright flowers and filmy moon, it could be found that natural environment in south of Yangtze River is filled with innervations. The prosperity symbolizes unconstraint vitality. Aesthetic image of natural environment aesthetic image is the expectation of building contemporary landscape garden cities in the south of Yangtze River. The connotation of vivacious aesthetic signs and aesthetic images is the harmony between man and nature. Respecting the nature, keeping original ecology and changing citizen’s manner of behavior in concrete urban construction practice are important ways to realize deep ecology, enchant nature and optimize natural environment aesthetic image of contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River.Cultural landscape aesthetic images embody continuation and development of urban culture and context of cities in the south of Yangtze River. Cultural landscape of cities in the south of Yangtze River in this dissertation refers to fixed urban landscape group, representing building-centered urban materiality, combining functionality with aesthetics, reflecting regional aesthetics, as a fixed token of mobile urban history. Cultural landscape aesthetic images of contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River could be analyzed through four symbols like urban historic relics, antique landscape, modern buildings and urban artistic creation. By the research on aesthetic signs, interaction between historical culture and modern civilization could be found, reflecting prosperity of urban culture and context. Therefore, finding protection and development ways of cultural landscape from perspective of aesthetics to construct aesthetic image of collage city, through ancient and modern dimensions,, promoting continuation and development of urban culture and context, are all important to cultural landscape aesthetic connotation of blending the ancient with the present.Living space aesthetic image of cities in the south of Yangtze River tends to come into the domain of urban subject participation aesthetics because urban living space is not only an objective material but also production of citizen’s experiencing aesthetic perception and aesthetic practice in spatial landscape environment. Unique aesthetic value and significance is embodied in its GENIUS LOCI, relevant to region-irrelevant aesthetic salvation, aesthetic sign of life and emotional aesthetic ties. Through analysis on four extending layers of living space aesthetic sign of cities in the south of Yangtze River like residence, lane, artery and square, we could found that citizen’s living condition and ways in space decide whether the space itself could realize meaningful spatial sense, to be citizen’s living stage and aesthetic object. Therefore, to realize beautification of living space of contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River means to start from citizen’s life, putting stress on their emotional demand for living space, respecting their rights of living space aesthetic practice, to improve citizen’s awareness and self-cultivation of protecting living space, to create living practice space suitable for citizens, to build aesthetic image of human settlements city, to disclose living space aesthetic connotation of poetic residence, and to promote new development of living space of cities in the south of Yangtze River from livable settlement to happy settlement.The individualities of the cities in the south of Yangtze River depend largely on their urban aesthetics and those distinctive ones could bring greatly different aesthetic experience to the urban residents and tourists. With individuality&commonness and familiarity&unfamiliarity in mind, we could find out the reasons why the individualities of the contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River are vanishing. Comprehensiveness finds its way into urban aesthetic individuality, in which the interior contrasts with the exterior, the main with the minor and the stable with the unstable. It is for these various factors that a city could have a varied and colorful aesthetic style. Analysis on urban aesthetic individuality components of urban natural environment, cultural landscape and living space could be made from three perspectives of city&nature, city&culture, city&life. These three perspectives are not unrelated but integrated and co-influenced, constructing important dimensions of urban aesthetic individuality, reflecting urban difference and individuality. Through regional contrast, investigation on difference between city group of cities in the south of Yangtze River and Bashu, Lingnan and Yanzhao city group of Chinese urban aesthetic features. The commonness of city group of cities in the south of Yangtze River is also its individuality differentiating it as a whole from other city groups. The urban aesthetic individuality difference is also existed with in city group. There are1,400questionnaires which are analyzed through sociological statistical software. This dissertation makes an aesthetic image analysis on Nanjing city group with qualitative research as major and quantitative research as minor, providing thoughts and reference for aesthetic individuality positioning of contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River.Research on urban aesthetics is still in its infancy, and rarely about systemic analysis on urban aesthetic images. Combining urban aesthetics theory with image theory, based on research results of culture of south of Yangtze River, this dissertation makes an analysis on contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River from perspective of urban aesthetic image, interpreting breadth and depth models of the concept of urban aesthetic image. Considering problem awareness and from the development status quo of contemporary cities in the south of Yangtze River, this dissertation constructs a scientific and comprehensive urban aesthetic image system of cities in the south of Yangtze River, improving theoretical framework of urban aesthetic image research, which could be used in analysis on concrete regional city group and individual city, examining actual situation of urban development of cities in the south of Yangtze River from perspective of urban aesthetic image, stating categorically its ideal situation, figuring out development trace of original identity-identity removing-no identity-new identity of aesthetic image of cities in the south of Yangtze River, exploring healthy and sustainable urban development ways, combining life with arts, theory with practice, to promote further development of urban aesthetics theory and construction practice of cities in the south of Yangtze River.更多还原