【作者】 张军；

【导师】 戴其根； 张洪程；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 2009-2011年,试验先后在江西鄱阳和上高进行,在双季稻区晚稻季条件下,以6个粳稻(武运粳24、南粳44、镇稻11、常优1号、常优5号、甬优8号)和5个籼稻(黄华占,赣晚籼,岳忧9113,天优华占,五优308)品种为供试材料,比较研究籼、粳稻生产力特征,并探讨晚粳生产力优势形成的机理；2011-2012年,以上高百亩连片晚粳高产示范方为研究对象,以甬优8号为供试材料,在高产(8.25-9.75t hm-2)、更高产(9.75-10.50t hm-2)和超高产(>10.50t hm-2)3个产量水平上,进行晚粳超高产形成特征的研究；2010-2012年,在江西上高,选择手栽、2-连孔摆栽、单孔点抛和撒抛、毯苗机插五种栽培方式为研究对象,以武运粳24、镇稻11、常优5号、甬优8号、甬优12号为供试材料,根据各栽培方式的客观要求及当地茬口情况,分别设置各方式适宜播栽期,对晚粳稻不同栽培方式产量及构成、温光资源利用及群体特征进行了系统的比较研究；2011-2012年,在江西上高,以常优5号、甬优8号为供试材料,设计7个基蘖肥与穗肥比例(10：0、8：2、7：3、6：4、5：5、4：6、3：7),进行双季晚粳氮肥精确运筹的研究。主要研究结果如下：(1)三年晚粳的平均产量分别为9.6、8.3、9.9t hm-2(2011年上高县甬优8号最高产量达10.6t hm-2),极显著高于晚籼,而其产量高的主要原因是每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重显著或极显著高于籼稻；晚粳的加工品质、食味品质显著或极显著优于晚籼(晚粳的糙米率、精米率、整精米率显著或极显著高；其直链淀粉、蛋白质含量显著或极显著低,胶稠度显著或极显著长),外观品质逊于晚籼(晚粳的垩白率、垩白大小、垩白度显著或极显著高)；晚粳的效益极显著高于晚籼(净产值分别为16382.7、15035.4、21731.2元hm-2,较籼稻高20.1%、20.4%、24.6%；其纯收益分别为11890.6元、10252.1-2、16565.9,较籼稻高23.8%、23.6%、26.7%。)。双季晚粳生产力优势形成的生理生态特征为,粳稻比籼稻全生育期明显延长,抽穗结实期,粳稻较籼稻更能适应凉爽气候,增强其对温光资源的利用,使得晚粳稻能够正常成熟：晚粳后期较高的光合物质生产能力,能够增大群体光合物质积累量,增大群体库容总充实量；同时,粳稻后期更能够适应低温气候不早衰,维持较强的根系和较大的茎鞘强度,增强群体抗倒伏能力,确保晚粳活熟到老。(2)较之高产、更高产水平,双季晚粳超高产水平群体的穗数足,穗型大,群体颖花量多(50000×104hm-2以上),虽结实率和千粒重略低,但差异不显著；群体起点高,有效分蘖早生快发,够苗后增长平缓,高峰苗数量少,后期群体下降平缓,至抽穗期具有适宜穗数,成穗率高(78.0%左右)；群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢,最大值出现在孕穗期,为8.3左右,此后下降缓慢,成熟期仍保持在3.5以上；群体光合势生育前期较小,中、后期较大,抽穗至成熟期的光合势300×104m2dhm-2以上,总光合势560×104m2dhm-2以上；群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓,拔节期积累量略低,拔节后积累速度较快,至抽穗期群体总生物量为10.5t hm-2左右,抽穗后积累量亦高,成熟期干物重高达19.0t hm-2左右,后期茎鞘物质转运率大于14.5%；超高产群体根量大、根冠比高、根系活力强；植株吸收氮素能力强、最终氮素累积量高。依据晚粳稻超高产形成特征,对培育双季晚粳超高产群体的关键栽培技术进行了讨论。(3)抛秧和机插的各生育期较手栽稻均相应推迟,且较之手栽两者全生育期亦缩短,其中抛秧方式全生育期平均缩短4.9d,机插平均缩短10.3d；不同类型品种间,晚粳稻全生育期缩短幅度较中粳稻大；同一熟期类型品种,杂交稻全生育期较常规稻缩短天数多。各类型品种全生育期及其不同生育阶段积温和光照时数及其利用率均表现出手栽>抛秧>机插的趋势,其中机插方式全生育期温光利用率最少,分别为85.66%和80.75%,三种栽培方式在双季稻区均适宜,但同时各方式需搭配适宜的粳稻品种才能充分挖掘晚粳稻产量潜力。与毯苗机插相比,手栽、摆栽、点抛及撒抛产量分别增加了16.8%-17.1%、11.7%-12.7%、5.4%-5.9%、1.8%-3.6%；手栽、摆栽、点抛、撒抛的群体茎蘖成穗率明显高,抽穗期有效和高效叶面积率、光合势、粒叶比、群体生长速率、净同化率、干物质的生产和积累显著高于机插方式；以上四种方式的株型特征也优于机插方式,同时其根系活力均强于机插方式。不同栽插方式营养生长期的长短是造成群体质量差异的主要原因。表明通过栽培方式的科学选用和优化集成,可以改善双季晚粳群体质量,获得更高产量。(4)在南方双季稻区,基蘖肥：穗肥在6：4-7：3范围内实施是利于双季晚粳高产高效栽培的运筹方案。从产量构成因素看,该运筹方案的晚粳群体穗数充足、穗型大、群体颖花量高,且结实率和千粒重也保持较高；从群体生长发育看,群体茎蘖消长较为平缓,高峰苗适宜,最终成穗率高(70%以上),生育中、后期,叶面积指数高,群体光合生产能力强,物质积累量高,最终实产高。从氮素吸收利用看,该处理方案较之其它处理,不仅氮素积累总量高,而且氮素当季利用率、施氮增产率及表观生产率均较高,但百公斤籽粒需氮量少；从稻米品质看,6：4-7：3的运筹方案能明显提升稻米加工品质,改善蒸煮食味和营养品质,同时也增加了垩白率和垩白度,使得晚粳稻外观品质变差, RVA谱特征值各指标不能同时达到最好。但综合来看,基蘖肥：穗肥在6：4-7：3范围内,能够使晚粳稻高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to study the productive advantages and formation mechanisms of late japonica rice, experiments were carried out during year2009-2011with six japonica (Wuyunjing24, Nanjing44, Zhendao11, Changyou1, Changyou5, Yongyou8) and five indica (Huanghuazhan, Ganwanxian30, Yueyou9113, Tianyouhuazhan, Wuyou308) rice varieties in the double-cropping rice area in Poyang and Shanggao of Jiangxi province respectively. To study the formation rule of super high yield of the late japonica rice in the double-cropping rice area, using Yongyou8as material during2011-2012in Shanggao of Jiangxi province, the grain yield and its characteristics of three types of populations (High Yield:8.25-9.75tha-1; Higher Yield:9.75-10.50t ha-1; Super High Yield:>10.50t ha-1) were analyzed. During2010-2012, accoding to the objective requirements of various cultivation methods and local stubbles, the five cultivation methods of artificial transplanting (AT), ordered transplanting (OT), optimized broadcasting(OB), cast transplanting(CT) and mechanical transplanting (MT) were carried out with the Wuyunjing24, Zhendao11,Changyou5, Yongyou8and Yongyou12as materials, a comparative study of cultivation methods on yield formation, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of late japonica rice was conducted respectively. During2011-2012, with C hangyou5and Yongyou8as materials, seven different proportions of base-tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilize(10:0,8:2,7:3,6:4,5:5,4:6,3:7) were designed in Shanggao, to research the nitrogen applied methods of late japonica rice. The main results were as follows:(1) The average yield of late japonica rice in three years were9.6,8.3,9.9t ha-1respectively, were higher than indica rice significantly, which the yield of Yongyou8was10.61ha-1in2011, grains per panicle, seed-setting rate and1000-grain weight of japonica rice were higher than indica rice, which was the key point of harvesting high yield of japonica rice. Milling quality, cooking and eating quality of japonica rice were better than indica rice significantly, while appearance and nutritional quality followed an opposite tendency accordingly. Brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head rice rate were significantly or very significantly higher than indica rice; the amylase content, protein content were significantly or very significantly lower than indica rice; gel consistency was longer. The appearance quality was slightly worse than the indica rice; the chalky grain rate of japonica rice was very significantly higher than indica rice, but the chalkiness area and degree showed no significant difference. The benefits of late japonica rice were significantly higher than that of indica rice; The net output value in three years were16382.7yuan ha-1,15035.4yuan ha-1,21731.2yuan ha-1, was higher than indica20.1%,20.4%,24.6%respectively; the net income was11891.6yuan ha-1,10252.1yuan ha-1,16565.9yuan ha-1respectively, was higher than indica rice23.8%,23.6%,26.7%, differences were significant or very significant. The physiological ecological characteristics of productive advantages of late japonica rice in double-cropping rice area were as follows. Firstly, growth duration of japonica rice was longer than indica rice significantly and japonica rice was more adapted to cool weather at the later period of grain filling, increasing utilization of temperature and solar radiation and ensuring japonica rice maturing safely. Secondly, strong photosynthetic capacity of japonica rice at the later period increased dry matter weight and total filling. Thirdly, japonica rice improved the resistance to cold and premature senescence, and lodging due to strong root, stem and sheath.(2) Results showed that population of supper high yield had more panicle and spikelets per panicle than high yield and higher yield. There was no significant difference in filled-grain percentage and1000-grain weight between the three populations. Population of supper high yield exhibited more tillers at the transplanting stage and achieved excepted number of stems and tillers at critical leaf-age for productive tillers, whose max number of stems and tillers were at jointing stage and were fewer than excepted number. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably, which achieved expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of supper high yield population was about78.0%, which was higher than that of population of high and higher yield. The leaf area index of supper-high-yield population was lower than that of high and higher yield population at the early growth stage, and the max leaf area index was about8.3at booting, which decreased stably and was above3.5at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of population with supper-high-yield was small at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with population of the high and higher yield; the photosynthetic potential was above300×104m2d ha-1from heading to maturity, the total photosynthetic potential was above675×104m2d ha-1. The dry matter accumulation was smaller than the population of high and higher yield before jointing, and the weight was increasing faster after jointing, the dry matter accumulation was about10.5t ha-1at heading, which was significantly higher than that of population of high and higher yield. The total weight of dry matter was about19.0t ha-1, translocation ratio of output was above14.5%. The weight of dry matter of root and root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings were higher than the high and higher yield; the N content and N uptaking were also higher. Based on the formation of the japonica rice, the regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yield population were discussed.(3) Compared with the AT, the growth periods CT and MT were delayed, and their total growth periods were significantly shortened by4.9and10.3days. For different types of varieties, the shortened day of late japonica was more than that of medium japonica. For the same mature period types, the shortened day of japonica hybrid rice was more than that of japonica conventional rice. The utilization efficiency of accumulated temperature and light time of various types of varieties at different developmental stages showed that AT>CT>MT, and the whole growth period trended similarly. The utilization efficiency of temperature and light in the whole growth period under MT was only85.66%and80.75%. On the basis of the above results, preliminary division for the suitable range and its supporting suitable variety types of different cultivation methods was made. AT, CT and MT were all suitable in this area, but each cultivation method had its suitable variety types.Compared with the MT, HT, OT, OB and CT increased grain yield by16.8%-17.1%,11.7%-12.7%,5.4%-5.9%and1.8%-3.6%, respectively. Compared with the MT, the HT, OT, OB and CT also significantly increased percentage of productive tillers, efficient and high efficient leaf area, grain-leaf ratio, photosynthetic potential, CGR and NAR, production and accumulation of the biomass in the growth and development stage, and root bleeding after heading were greater than MT; the index of plant type of the other cultivations was better than MT. The differences of population with different cultivations were mainly due to the different durations of vegetative growth period. The results indicated that the population quality of rice could be improved and higher yield could be achieved through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in late japonica rice production in the double-cropping area.(4) Results showed that, the ratio of basic and tillering fertilizer to total nitrogen to high yield and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency of late japonica was from60%to70%in the south douuble-cropping rice area. Using this ratio, made more panicles and spikelets per panicle, larger total spikelets and stable filled-grain percentage and1000-grain weight, and lower max number of stems and tillers, higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, max LAI, LAD, higher dry matter accumulation in population growth and development, got the higher actual yield ultimately. The nitrogen uptaking and utilization, compared with other treatments, there was more significantly accumulated amount of the absorbed nitrogen, higher apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and yield of ear nitrogen, but lower nitrogen requirement for100kg grain. The quality of rice, there were better milling quality, improving the cooking, eating and nutritional quality, but the appearance quality got worse, the RVA profile characters could not achieve the best at the same time; On the whole, the ratio of basic and tillering fertilizer to total nitrogen from60%to70%might realize the coordination of supper high-yield, good quality and high nitrogen use efficiency.更多还原