中国共产党关于人的全面发展思想之历史考察

【作者】 汤建；

【导师】 周建超；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 中共十八大报告提出,要建设社会主义市场经济、社会主义民主政治、社会主义先进文化、社会主义和谐社会、社会主义生态文明,促进人的全面发展,逐步实现全体人民共同富裕,建设富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。促进人的全面发展这一科学命题,既是中国共产党人在长期的中国革命、建设和改革的历史实践中对马克思主义创始人有关社会发展进步与人的全面发展理论的继承和创新,也是在新的历史条件下,中国人民在党的领导下通过艰苦努力将逐步实现的一个宏伟目标,是基于科学发展观的要求提出的一个重要思想,意义重大,影响深远。事实上,人的全面发展既是社会发展的出发点,又是社会发展的落脚点。人的全面发展的水平制约着社会的发展；社会发展的根本目的在于实现人的全面发展。因此,人的全面发展不仅是马克思主义的本原要义,也是社会主义的本质要求,是科学发展观的核心所在。我们建设有中国特色社会主义的各项事业,我们进行的一切工作,既要着眼于人民现实的物质文化需要,同时也要着眼于人民素质的提高,也就是要努力促进人的全面发展。这是马克思主义关于建设社会主义新社会的本质要求。我们树立和落实科学发展观,核心是以人为本,就是要以实现人的全面发展为目标。中国共产党成立90多来,始终坚持以人为本,把实现人的解放和自由,促进入的全面发展做为自己的不懈追求,考察和分析中国共产党关于人的全面发展思想演进的历史轨迹,总结其经验教训,既具有重要的理论意义,又对当前全面建成小康社会,实现人的自由全面发展具有实践价值。本文以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导,以马克思主义人的全面发展理论为基础,立足近代以来中国社会深刻变迁的现实背景,在广泛收集、整理、归纳和分析研究中国共产党关于人的全面发展思想的相关文献资料基础上,运用哲学、历史学、政治学、社会学、经济学、文化学等多学科的理论和方法,对中国共产党有关人的全面发展思想的理论渊源、发展脉络、基本内涵、主要特征,以及新世纪新阶段党中央在全面建设小康社会进程中推进的人的全面发展思想和实践进行了系统论述,系统阐述了不同历史时期中国共产党关于人的全面发展思想的历史演变、主要内涵及其蕴含在其中的深刻的时代变革特征,进而深刻揭示以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民为代表的中国共产党人关于人的全面发展思想的历史贡献和当代价值,以及新世纪新阶段党中央在推进人的全面发展所做的新实践新探索新贡献。全文除绪论、结语外,共分六章。第一章中共人的全面发展思想的理论渊源。主要概述了马克思主义经典作家对人的全面发展的科学阐释和革命性推进、中国传统文化中关于人性的探讨,以及近代中国先进分子对人的全面发展的思索与实践,从而揭示中国共产党关于人的全面发展思想的理论来源和基础。第二章毛泽东对人的全面发展的艰辛探索。本章主要以时间发展为考察轨迹,对以毛泽东为代表的中共第一代领导核心关于人的全面发展观进行探讨,在关于人的全面发展的目标、路径等方面深入分析。在人的全面发展的目标模式上,明确了“三育并重"、“又红又专”等具体目标,这是马克思主义关于人的全面发展理论在中国的具体化；在人的全面发展的实现途径上,强调在中国首先要进行政治革命推翻旧的统治,以人的自由解放和全面发展提供前提条件,并主张“教育与生产劳动相结合”,这是提高国民素质、增强社会责任感、提升解决问题实践能力的必由之路。毛泽东在探索人的全面发展过程中形成了关于人的全面发展的一系列政权的观点,但是,由于历史的局限以及个人的思维,他在探索该问题时,尤其在晚年一直存在人的个性解放与社会生产力的发展、个人物质利益的诉求与社会主义整体利益、人的主观能动性的发挥与尊重客观规律之间的矛盾困境,以至这一思想因为后期的“左”的思想束缚不可避免存在缺陷。第三章邓小平对人的全面发展的继承创新。主要论述了以邓小平为核心的第二代中央领导集体在深刻反思“文化大革命”对人的发展扼杀摧残的基础上,对实现人的全面发展所进行的新的思想探索和社会实践。根据时代主题转换的历史背景和改革开放的伟大实践,邓小平提出了提高全民素质、培育“四有”新人的人的全面发展的新目标模式,指出共同富裕是人的全面发展的现实基础和价值取向,认为在当代中国首先要通过全面建设小康社会,才能推进人的全面发展。邓小平还针对工人、农民、知识分子、干部、青年等不同知识层次的“人”,提出了实现其全面发展的不同路径和目标。邓小平强调,在建设中国特色社会主义现代化进程中,要通过政治、经济、教育体制的改革来促进人的全面发展。邓小平人的全面发展思想进一步丰富和发展了马克思主义关于人的全面发展思想,充分体现了实践性、时代性和人民性的特征。第四章江泽民对人的全面发展的深入推进。十三届三中全会以来,中共第三代领导集体分析了事情、国情以及党情的变化。结合中国特色社会主义事业的具体实践,提出了人的全面发展是社会主义新社会的本质要求的新命题,指出人的全面发展与经济社会发展是两个永无止境的历史过程,强调要坚持物质文明、政治文明、精神文明和生态文明四位一体建设来促进人的全面发展。江泽民关于人的全面发展思想从党的先进性建设高度深化了马克思主义人的全面发展理论,从党的最高纲领与最低纲领的统一揭示了人的全面发展的现实性,从中国特色社会主义事业发展的具体进程中表征了人的全面发展的价值目标。第五章胡锦涛对人的全面发展思想的新阐释。主要阐述了在新的历史条件下,以胡锦涛总书记为首的党中央抓住重要战略机遇期,以科学发展观为指导,坚持以人为本,在全面建设小康社会进程中不断推进人的全面发展的实践创新和理论创新,认为构建社会主义和谐社会是人的全面发展的内在要求,为人的全面发展提供了坚实的物质基础、稳定的政治环境、优美的生态环境以及良好的社会环境。以胡锦涛为核心的中央集体还系统阐述了科学发展观与人的全面发展的关系。第六章中国共产党推进人的全面发展的认识规律和主要经验。以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛为代表的中国共产党人坚持把马克思主义人的全面发展理论与中国实际相结合,根据不同历史时期的党的中心任务、历史使命和时代特点,对实现人的全面发展进行了艰辛的理论探索与实践创新,形成了对推进人的全面发展的认识规律,取得了丰富的经验。认识规律包括：要实现人的全面发展就应当坚持走群众路线,要深刻认识实现人的全面发展的过程是与时俱进,也是深化发展的历史过程,同时它是一个多维度推进、多管齐下的历史过程。经验主要包括推进人的全面发展必须以社会主义核心价值体系引领正确方向、必须坚持人民性的社会主义价值取向、必须大力发展生产力以提供坚强的物质保障、必须与时代发展和具体国情相结合探索新路径、必须与经济社会文化发展互为前提。深刻总结这些经验,有助于在完善社会主义核心价值体系建设过程中,不断提升人民的素质。总之,马克思主义的核心内容之一就是要实现人的全面发展。这是中国共产党和中国人民的美好夙愿和不懈追求,也是中国特色社会主义现代化事业中最关键、最深沉、最艰难的工作。要坚持从提升社会生产力,切实夯实人的全面发展的物质基础,提升人民的物质生活水平,加快经济建设,增强国家的综合实力,进而不断推动人的全面发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The report of18th CPC National Congress states that we should build a socialist market economy, socialist democracy, advanced socialist culture, harmonious socialist society, socialist ecological civilization; promote our people’s comprehensive development; gradually actualize the common prosperity of all the people and construct a prosperous-democratic, civilized harmonious modern socialist country. Promoting the comprehensive development of people is a scientific proposition, which is the inheritance and innovation to Marxist founders’social development&progress as well as human being’s comprehensive development theory by the Chinese Communists in the long-term historical practice of the Chinese revolution, construction and reform; is also a great goal for Chinese people gradually achieving under the leadership of CPC in the new historical conditions. It is an important idea based on the demand of the scientific concept, is proposed with great significance and far-reaching. In fact, the comprehensive development of human beings which is both the starting point and ultimate goal of the social development, restricts the development of society; meanwhile, the fundamental purpose of social development is to achieve the comprehensive development. Therefore, the all-round development of the people is the primitive essence of Marxism, the essential requirement of socialism, and the core of the scientific concept of development. When constructing the socialism with Chinese characteristics and all the work carrying out, we should not only focus on the reality of the people’s material&cultural needs, but also on improving the quality of the people, that is, to promote their comprehensive development.This is the essential requirement of Marxism on building a new socialist society. We establish and implement the scientific concept of development, the core of which is people-oriented and the goal is to achieve the people’s comprehensive development. The CPC was established more than90years; always adhere to the people-oriented, taking actualization of people’s liberation and freedom as our relentless pursuit. According to the inspection and analysis of the historical trajectory on the CPC human comprehensive development of thinking evolution, it is necessary to sum up our experience and lessons, because it is full of important theoretical meaning as well as the practical value for completely realizing a moderately prosperous society and achieving the comprehensive free development of citizens.Guided by dialectical materialism&historical materialism and based on Marxist human comprehensive development theory, this paper applied multidisciplinary theories and methods of philosophy, history, political science, sociology, economics, cultural studies to expound CPC human being comprehensive development of theoretical origin, developing context, basic connotation, main characteristics and human comprehensive development thinking&practice promoted by CPC in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in the new century of new period. It is combined with the realistic background of profound social change in the modern times and collection, sorting, induction, analysis of CPC thinking documents on the human comprehensive development in a wide range. It also systematically expounded the historical evolution, main connotation, profound changes of the era of CPC on human comprehensive development in different historical periods; thereby profoundly revealed the historical contributions&contemporary values of human comprehensive development thinking from Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin as the representative of the Chinese Communists. And the new practice, explosion and contribution are promoted by CPC on human comprehensive development in the new period of new century.This paper is divided into five chapters expect introduction and conclusion.The first chapter introduces the theoretical origin about human comprehensive thinking, which mainly overviews Western political thinkers and Utopian socialists’ explosion&thinking about human comprehensive development since the Renaissance as well as Marxist classical writers’scientific interpretation&revolutionary propulsion about it. And it also explores human culture through the Chinese traditional culture as well as thinking&practice did by modern Chinese advanced elements. All these reveals the theoretical origin&foundation of CPC on human comprehensive thinking.Chapter Two states Mao Zedong’s hard explosion of the human comprehensive development. It systematically examines the first generation of leadership centred by Mao Zedong who did hard explosion&thinking evolution on human comprehensive development, discussing Mao’s model&practicing path of human comprehensive development. This paper reckons that Mao’s human comprehensive development clarifies specific objectives like "three virtues","red and expert" in terms of his goal model which is Marxism developed in China. In the way of actualizing human comprehensive development, it emphasizes to have a political revolution to overthrow the old ruling, supplying the prerequisite for human freedom, liberation and overall development. It also advocates "a combination of education with productive labor", which is the only way for improving the quality of citizens, enhancing the social responsibility, and enlightening the practical ability to solve problems and is the essential path for achieving the comprehensive development of people. Actually, when Mao exploring this human comprehensive development issue in his twilight years, he involved in the contradiction among personal liberation&development of social productivity, personal material interests demands&overall interests of socialism, people’s subjective activity&objective laws. It causes Mao’s human comprehensive development thinking has defects because of "leftist" ideological restraints.Chapter Three states Deng Xiaoping’s inheritance and innovation of human comprehensive development. It Mainly discusses the second generation of CPC leadership centered by Deng Xiaoping, who profoundly reflect the "Cultural Revolution"’s destruction to human development, tried a new explosion and social practice to the comprehensive development. According to the changes of times theme and the great practice of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping proposed a new target model of comprehensive human development to improve the quality of the people, to cultivate "new generation of people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, good education and a strong sense of discipline". He refers common prosperity is a real basis and oriented value of comprehensive human development, considering building a moderately prosperous society is the primary method to promote the all-round development in contemporary China. For the workers, peasants, intellectuals, cadres, youth from different aspects of "people", Deng Xiaoping proposed detailed paths to achieve their full development and objectives. Deng Xiaoping stressed that in the modernization process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, to promote the comprehensive development of citizens need through political, economic, educational system reforms. Deng Xiaoping’s thinking on human comprehensive development has enriched and developed the Marxist thinking about the all-round development, fully embodies the characteristics of the practice, times and the people.Chapter Four states Jiang Zemin’s further promotion to the human comprehensive development. It Mainly states the third generation of CPC leadership centered by Jiang Zemin, facing the new historical period of profound changes in the world, the country and the party, proposed that the core of new Socialist society called for human comprehensive development, combined with the socialist concrete practice of Chinese characteristics. And it also pointed out that both the human comprehensive development and economic&social development are two never-ending historical process, and stressed to adhere to the material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization and ecological civilization construction of four in one to the promotion of human round development. Jiang Zemin’s thinking on the all-round development deepened the human comprehensive development of Marxism in terms of CPC’s advanced construction; reveals the reality of the comprehensive human development in terms of CPC’s top program and minimum program unified; and clarifies the value&goal of human comprehensive development in terms of the specific process of Socialist development with Chinese characteristics.Chapter Five states the new interpretation to human comprehensive development through scientific concept of development. It Mainly elaborates, under the new historical conditions, CPC centered by Hu Jintao who seized the important period of strategic opportunities, taking scientific concept of development as the guidance, adhered to the people-oriented; reckoned that constructing Socialist harmonious society was the natural demand of human comprehensive development. It is necessary to continuously push forward the comprehensive development of the practice and innovation in the process of building a moderately prosperous society and theoretical innovation.And it provides a solid material foundation, stable political environment, and beautiful ecological environment and a good social environment for human comprehensive development. The core of CPC central also expounds the scientific development concept’s relationship with man’s all-round development. Chapter Six the rules and main experience of Communist Party of China promoting people’s comprehensive development. Taking Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao as representatives, the Chinese communists who have been adhering to combine Marxism theory of human comprehensive development with chinese actual situations, made a hard theoretical exploration and practical innovation to actualize the human comprehensive development and formed the rules of promoting human’s all-round development as well as achieved abundant experience according to CPC’s central task, historical mission and times’ characteristics in different historical periods. The rules mainly include that adhere to the peoples’ view and line is the fundamental guarantee to realize the all-round development of man,it is a process of keeping pace with the times of the process of human’s developing, and the process of developing is a multidimensional propulsion, multi-pronged historical process.These experience mainly includes that promoting people’s comprehensive development must regard socialist core value system as the lead; must uphold the value of people’s socialist orientation; must vigorously develop the productive forces in order to provide a strong material security; must combine times’ development with our actual situations in order to explore a new path; must be based on the development of economy, society and culture. Profoundly concluding these experience, it would show an important theoretical value and practical significance on strengthening the construction of socialist core value system, improving the quality of civic virtue, and ultimately achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.In conclusion, the human all-round development is one of the cores of Marxism and is a long-cherished wish and relentless pursuit for CPC as well as Chinches people. It is also the most essential, profound and hardest work in the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Only starting from the reality of the social productive forces, accelerating economic development, promoting modernization to quickly enhance the comprehensive national strength, and constantly improving people’s material and cultural life, on this basis, it is able to achieve this goal ultimately with constant promotion, pursuit and practice.更多还原