【作者】 田海军；

【导师】 郭志禹；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 民族传统体育学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 漠南地域位于我国华北北部，泛指蒙古高原大沙漠以南的地方，是我国古代北方游牧民族繁衍生息的草原地区，清代以来成为内蒙古的代称。漠南地域游牧民族在中华文化的发展历程中，曾经以其突出的骑射武艺南下中原，与汉族农耕文化发生了交流和融合，影响了中华武术的发展，从武术历史文化的角度审视，具有重要的研究价值。漠南武术文化是指漠南地域存在的与武术活动相关的所有文化，既包括漠南少数民族创造的游牧武术文化，也包括漠南农耕民族传承的农耕武术文化。本文以文献资料法为基础，对漠南地域文化的相关内容进行了深入的理解，以人类学田野调查法，社会学口述历史访谈法等研究方法为主要手段，深入漠南地域，对漠南地域存在的武术文化进行了田野调查，并对获取的各种文本进行了系统整理、分析、研究。内容主要包括：漠南地域武术文化研究的进展；漠南游牧武术的相关文化；历史文献中漠南游牧民族的彪悍民风；漠南游牧民族地域性特色的传统武艺；漠南游牧民族尚武文化的归因寻绎；漠南农耕武术文化概貌；漠南南部农耕武术拳械个案探析；漠南地域孕育的汉族战将；清代中期以来漠南农耕武术的发展轨迹；漠南游牧民族传统武技的现状诊断与对策；漠南武术文化发展模式的构建与探寻。结果发现：1.漠南地域游牧武术文化的主体民族是中华民族中最骁勇、最彪悍的民族群体之一。游牧民族与农耕民族之间的战争与对话，促进了民族尚武文化的交融。2.漠南武术文化包含了南部农耕武术文化和北部游牧武术文化两种类型，这两种武术文化的分布基本上以阴山、狼山山脉走向为分界线。游牧武术文化的特色是豪迈奔放，粗犷实用；农耕武术文化以质朴醇厚，击舞和融为特色。3.游牧民族的传统武艺包括马上使用的马刀、马枪和骑射等内容，地上使用的搏克、射箭等内容，这些传统武艺的功能价值主要通过战争得以体现。蒙古弯刀出现在蒙古族崛起于草原时代，弧形背屈的刀身形制特点，配合骑兵前冲的速度运用劈、抹技术，主要功能是增加杀伤面积，而非注重杀伤程度。4.固有的自然条件和特定的社会环境，以及对英雄的崇拜情结等促成了游牧民族尚武性格的形成。5.漠南农耕武术文化的分布呈现带状格局特征，这是由当地历史上的军事重镇和农耕文化繁荣及商贸活动频繁等因素决定的。漠南农耕武术文化的成因主要是移民运动导致的武术文化传播。漠南农耕武术文化的重心不在农村而在城镇，其传播和发展模式是由城镇而城镇，村落武术文化现象在漠南没有形成。6.民国绥远省国术馆的成立，为武术的发展提供了平台，促进了该地农耕武术的传播。农耕武术传入漠南后并没有因游牧文化的影响产生显著的技术流变。漠南农耕武术文化利用传统节日举行民间社火，展演武术文化，为传统武术群众基础的形成和自身的传承、普及找到了适宜的民俗文化空间。7.清代中期以来，漠南农耕武术步入了快速发展的历史阶段，具体表现在武科举人才涌现、镖师职业的出现、农耕武术的集中传入。散打运动的兴起，形成了漠南竞技武术运动的特色优势。8.搏克和射箭等尚武活动呈现出弱化甚至濒危现象，其原因包括尚武体育自身的原因和社会发展的环境变迁原因。漠南武术的未来发展方向，由漠南武术的二元分布特征决定。游牧武术应结合漠南地域民俗文化旅游业，实现文化与经济发展的双赢。漠南竞技武术的发展，应重点发展散打、中国式摔跤等身体直接对抗项目。传统武术应利用武术之乡的资源优势，积极参与全民健身活动，让传统武术回归全民健身，服务社会人群。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Monan region, located in the northern part of China, referring to the place inthe south of the great desert of the Mongolia Plateau, called Inner Mongolia fromQing Dynasty, was the place that China’s ancient northern nomadic people werethriving. Monan nomads have invaded the Central Plains by its martial arts of ridingand shooting, affecting the development of Chinese martial arts in the course ofdevelopment of Chinese culture. So, it has important research value from the point ofview of the martial arts history and culture.Monan Wushu culture refers all cultures about martial arts activities of Monanregion, including nomadic Wushu culture created by the Monan minorities andfarming Wushu culture herited by Monan farming nations.Based on the literature and in-depth understanding of the Monan regional culture,using the research methods such as the anthropological fieldwork and sociologicaloral history interviews, fieldwork was done to Monan Wushu culture and varioustexts collected was settled, analyzed and researched systematically. The contentincludes: progress of the study on Wushu culture about Monan region; culture relatedto Monan nomadic Wushu, the tough folk customs of Monan nomadic people inhistorical documents, the nomads’ traditional martial arts with the regionalcharacteristics of Monan, the Monan nomadic warrior culture, overview of the Monanfarming Wushu culture, the Monan southern farming Wushu boxing armed casesExploration, the Han warriors the Monan region nurtured, the trajectories of theMonan farming Wushu since the mid-Qing Dynasty, diagnosis and countermeasuresof the Monan nomadic traditional martial art status; the exploration of Monan martialarts cultural development mode. The results were as follows:1. The main ethnic nations in Monan regional nomadic Wushu culture is one ofthe most brave and sturdy ethnic groups. Wars and dialogues between the nomads andfarming nations promoted national martial culture blending.2. The Monan Wushu culture includes two types of the southern farming Wushuculture and the northern nomadic Wushu culture and Yinshan and LangshanMountains was the dividing line of the distribution of these two Wushu culturebasically. Features of the nomadic Wushu culture are bold, imaginative, and practical;features of farming Wushu culture are plain and rich.3.The traditional martial arts of the nomads includes use of saber and carbine onthe horse, riding and shooting, the ground stroke grams and archery and thefunctional value of these traditional martial arts r is embodied mainly through war.Mongolia machete appeared in Mongolian and rose in grassland times, its blade shapecharacteristics fitting the cavalry speed use hack and wiping technology, and the mainfunction is to increase the destruction area rather than focusing on killing the extent.4. Inherent natural conditions, specific social environment and the hero worshipcomplex contributed to the warlike character of the formation of the nomads.5. Distribution of Monan farming Wushu culture presented the ribbon patterncharacteristics, which was decided by factors such as town with strategic militaryimportance in local history, prosperous farming culture and frequent commerce activities. The main causes of the culture of the Monan farming martial arts are led tothe Wushu culture spread caused by the immigration movement. The center of gravityof Monan farming martial arts culture is not in the rural areas but in cities and towns,and its spread and development mode is formed by the cities and towns, and villagesWushu culture phenomenon is not formed in Monan.6. The establishment of Suiyuan Martial Arts Hall provided a platform for thedevelopment of the martial arts and promoted the spread of the farming martial arts.The farming martial arts had no significant change by the impact of the nomadicculture after coming in Monan. The Monan farming martial arts culture find a suitablefield of Folk Culture to form the mass base of traditional martial arts, to heritage andpopularize the traditional martial arts through civilian social fire in traditionalfestivals and performance of martial arts culture.7. Monan farming Wushu went into the historical stage of rapid developmentsince the mid-Qing Dynasty. Wu Imperial talent emerged in large numbers, armedescorts appeared and the farming Wushu was introduced concentrately. The rise ofSanda formed the characteristics and advantages of the Monan competitive Wushumovement.8. The causes of weakening and endangered phenomenon of warlike activities ofBokes and archery showing s include the reason lying in martial sports andenvironmental changes due to social development. The development direction of theMonan martial arts in future is decided by the Monan Martial Arts binary distributioncharacteristics. Nomadic martial arts should combine with the Monan regional folkculture tourism to realize win-win of cultural and economic development. Thedevelopment of the Monan competitive Wushu should focus on Sanda, Chinese-stylewrestling and other direct body confrontation items. Development of the Monantraditional martial arts should make use of the resource advantages of home of themartial arts, participate in national fitness activities positively, let martial arts return tothe national fitness and serve Monan social crowd.更多还原