【作者】 张杰；

【导师】 吴瑛；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 体育教育训练学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 研究目的：本研究选取以快速力量为代表的短跑途中跑摆动技术环节作为研究动作，运用运动学与表面肌电遥测同步测试方法，分析现代高水平短跑运动员途中跑摆动技术的动作特点和肌肉活动特点，并对短跑途中跑摆动技术部分专项力量训练手段进行筛选，优选出更加符合现代短跑技术要求的专项力量训练手段。研究方法：运用美国产MotionPro X-4高速摄像机和德国产Biovision16通道无线肌电遥测仪同步采集我国男子高水平短跑运动员途中跑摆动技术及其部分专项力量训练手段的运动学和表面肌电数据。运动学图像采用德国SIMI motion图像解析系统解析，获得各关节角度、角速度数据；原始肌电信号采用DASYlab8.0肌电分析软件进行处理，原始肌电信号经带通滤波，全波整流，获得积分肌电、包络线等参数.研究结果：短跑途中跑摆动技术肌肉用力特征研究结果在完成短跑途中跑摆动技术动作中，摆动腿各肌肉活动的顺序是：阔筋膜张肌-股直肌-胫骨前肌-臀大肌-股后肌群（股二头肌长头、半腱肌）-腓肠肌内外侧头-股四头肌（股内、股外、股直肌）。折叠前摆阶段，以阔筋膜张肌、股直肌为代表的屈髋肌（髂腰肌）是主要用力肌肉；下压着地阶段，臀大肌、股二头肌长头、半腱肌是主要用力肌肉。在短跑途中跑摆动技术的初期：髋关节屈肌群出现强烈的肌电活动，并且阔筋膜张肌有收缩时间早于股直肌，收缩强度大于股直肌的特点；在（支撑腿）垂直支撑时刻后，摆动腿股后肌群（股二头肌长头、半腱肌）的活动明显，其积极活动的时间较长。短跑途中跑摆动技术部分专项力量训练手段的优化支撑摆腿拉橡皮带练习能够有效锻炼屈髋肌群以及踝背屈肌，但容易形成大腿紧张，大小腿折叠不紧等问题。同时由于伸髋屈膝肌半腱肌参与了活动，半腱肌的这种活动特点是否会影响短跑摆动技术中主动肌与拮抗肌之间的协调性还需要进一步研究。负重仰卧高抬摆腿练习与支撑摆腿拉橡皮带练习相比，负重仰卧高抬摆腿练习摆动腿髋屈伸肌群的时序性、协调性协优于支撑摆腿拉橡皮带练习中摆动腿髋屈伸肌群的协调性，但由于负重仰卧高抬摆腿的动作速度低于短跑途中跑摆动腿的关节速度，应注意把握训练的强度以提高训练质量。负重车轮跑练习在力量练习的动作形式，动作速度以及肌电活动的模式、主要用力肌肉、时序性、协调性及其活动特点上，均与短跑摆动技术相一致。因此，负重车轮跑是发展短跑专项力量的重要训练手段。俯卧后屈腿拉橡皮带能够发展股后肌群的肌肉力量，但其肌肉活动的性质与短跑摆动技术中股后肌群活动的性质不同，不能作为短跑摆动技术股后肌群专项力量训练的手段。研究结论：在短跑专项力量训练实践中，要注重主要用力肌肉的专项力量训练，在设计、选择专项力量训练手段时，应充分考虑摆动腿由蹬伸末期至另一腿（支撑腿）垂直支撑时刻屈髋肌群的发力特点，应选择大腿由后伸位向体前摆的动作结构为依据；针对双关节肌的专项力量训练而言，应该多挖掘与短跑摆动技术相类似的训练手段、方法，使肌肉收缩特征更贴近于专项动作要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 Purpose: This study take the fast strength of swinging technique during the sprint asstudy action, and it uses kinematics and surface electromyography test methods toanalyze the swinging technique characteristics and muscle activity features on theway of high-level sprinters. In addition, it sieve part special forces training methods ofswinging technique during sprint out. and it prefer the special forces training methodswhich are more suit the technical requirements of modern sprint.Methods: It use the MotionPro X—4high speed camera which made in Americaand Biovision16channel wireless surface electromyographic telemetry instrumentwhich made in Germany to collect the kinematics and surface electromyography datesof swinging technique and part special forces training methods on the way of Chinesehigh-level male sprinter. Kinematics image uses the image analysis system whichmade in Germany to analyse the image, and get the dates of every joint angle andangular velocity; the original surface electromyography signal use the DASYlab8.0surface electromyography analysis software to deal with, the original surfaceelectromyography signal pass through the band pass filter, full-wave rectification,seeking integral electromyography and envelope line.Result:The study result of swinging technique muscle force characteristics during thesprintDuring the finish of swinging technique movement on the way of sprint, at the frontstage of folding up, the representative of hip flexor muscle such as the tensor fascialata and the rectus femoris are the main force muscle; at the stage of pressing down tothe land, the main force muscle are the gluteus maximus, the unit two long head ofbiceps and the semitendinosus muscle. At the stage of swinging, their orders are: thetensor fascia lata-the rectus femoris-the anterior tibial muscle-gluteus maximus-therear thigh muscles (the unit two long head of biceps, the semitendinosus muscle)-within the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle-unit four biceps (within the unit,stock, and the rectus femoris). At the primary stage of swinging: The flexors of hipjoint show a strong electromyographic activity, and the tensor fascia lata has thecharacteristic of shrinking prior to the rectus femoris, and the strength of shrinking isbigger than the rectus femoris. After the moment of vertical bracing, the activity ofswinging the rear thigh muscles is obvious, and the time of positive activity is longer.Optimizing the special forces training methods of swinging technique on the wayof sprintThe action of supporting leg with pulling rubber band is an effective way to trainhip flexor muscle and ankle dorsiflexors, but it easily causes many problems such asthe nervous of thigh and loose folding up of thigh and shank. At the same time,because of the hip knee extensor muscle and the semitendinosus muscle take part inthe activities, whether this activity characteristic affects the coordination between active muscle and antagonistic muscle in the swinging technique of sprint, it is stillneed further study. To compared with the action of supporting leg with pulling rubberband, the time sequence and coordination of hip flexor and extensor during themovement of supining leg with load are better than the coordination of hip muscleflexor extensor during the action of supporting leg pull rubber band, but because theaction speed of supining leg with load is lower than the joint speed of swinging leg, itneeds more attention to control the strength of training in order to improve the qualityof training.The action forms, action speed and the pattern of electromyographic activity, themain force muscle, the time sequence, the coordination plus the activitycharacteristics of force training during the wheel run with load are the same asswinging technique of sprint. Therefore, the wheel run with load is the main trainingmethod of developing special force of sprint. The action of lying leg curl with pullinga rubber band can develop the muscle force of rear thigh muscles and three leg muscle,but the nature of muscle activity is different from the rear thigh muscles’ activity ofswinging technique during sprint, so it can’t be the training method of rear thighmuscles’ special forces of swinging technique during sprint.Result: During the special forces training of sprint, it need more attention to thespecial forces training of main force muscle, when it comes to design and choose themethods of trainig the special forces, more consideration should be paid to kineticcharacteristics when the swing leg hip flexors pedal from the last phase to the momentof the other leg’s vertical bracing. Choosing the activity construction of thigh’sswinging from back position to front position as accordance; in terms of special forcestraining of double joint, it should explore the training methods which are similar tothe swinging technique of sprint in order that the muscle contraction is closer to therequests of special action.更多还原