【作者】 李荣芝；

【导师】 肖焕禹；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 体育人文社会学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 美国《时代周刊》在1971年的封面用“China: A whole new game”的标题报道中国乒乓球运动的发展。确实在中国没有哪项运动能像乒乓球一样在世界体坛不断创造奇迹，不断揽金夺银，为中国体育在世界舞台树起一面又一面辉煌的旗帜。也没有哪项运动能如此风靡亿万中国人,如此深刻地介入和影响到中国社会的各个方面。中国乒乓球运动代表了中国竞技体育之内涵与外延，是竞技体育核心意义、价值、功能的最佳成功体现。乒乓虽小，但它带给我们无穷的欢乐，带给我们扣人心弦，带给我们无数的感动。纵观乒乓球运动在世界传播的历史过程，其在各个历史阶段与各国的政治、经济和文化等都有着千丝万缕的关系。如今世界乒坛格局是是中国独霸乒坛，“一枝独秀”，世界其他国家乒乓球运动的发展却有日渐势衰之势，如何实现乒乓球运动的可持续发展，乒乓球跨文化传播等问题的关注显得尤为迫切。21世纪之际，梳理百年来乒乓球运动向现代的演化过程，深入研究不同历史时期乒乓球文化的传播，应该成为学界及社会各界回顾这一阶段史学演变的主要问题意识，同时对乒乓球为我国体育体制探路，直至传播中国文化软实力，建设体育强国的考察和评价也将具有更开阔的视野。本课题运用历史学、传播学和文化学等理论，采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、深度访谈等方法，通过对乒乓球运动的历史演进及国际传播的研究，从学理上揭示乒乓球文化传播的规律，以史为鉴，探索现今乒乓球国际传播的现实难题，尤其我国乒乓球跨文化传播的路径，本课题的研究将具有较为重要的学术价值及现实意义。论文由导论、正文、结论和附录等部分组成，正文包括5大部分。文章首先对乒乓球运动的历史及起源进行了史料考证，同时对乒乓球文化进行了解读。19世纪初叶，正是由于欧洲网球运动的盛行，导致了乒乓球的诞生。研究发现最早记载乒乓球的文字来源于19世纪晚期的英国。在19世纪中后期“乒乓”此名称被引入后，乒乓球一度狂热。在经历过1900年-1904年逐渐简单又大力的开发，乒乓球在1905至1910年的中欧流行传播开来，乒乓球在欧洲失宠一段时间，之后在英格兰和威尔士获得复兴。乒乓球文化是研究乒乓球跨文化传播的逻辑起点，本研究认为乒乓球文化是人们在社会实践中所形成的乒乓球运动方式及创造的物质财富与精神财富的复合体。它具有全面性和特殊性、参与性、娱乐性等特征，其功能包括教育功能、娱乐功能、经济功能、政治功能等。接下来对乒乓球运动的发展历程及早期传播进行了研究。乒乓球文化的产生与演进经历了从玩耍到游戏、从游戏到竞技、从竞技到乒乓球文化体系的完善三次飞跃过程，乒乓球文化的形成与完善，刻下了时代的深深烙印，它与近代体育的产生、近代竞技体育的发展以及资本主义工业革命息息相关。20世纪初时乒乓球已经具有现今的某些复杂性，一些关于乒乓球运动的相应音乐、新闻报道、体育报刊和体育书籍等传播载体，给此时的乒乓球大众传播提供了广阔的空间。乒乓球运动在世界的传播是本研究的重点。本研究主要对英国、美国、日本、苏联等国家乒乓球运动发展历史进行了考察。欧美良好的社会经济、文化和体育环境，催生了乒乓球的诞生与发展。在1926年-1951年间，其主要通过商人、神职人员、军人等松散型的人际传播以及随后有序的组织传播，使乒乓球运动在世界广为人知；在1952—1959年，以日本为首的对乒乓球技战术的创新，借助赛事，通过规范化的组织传播和现代大众媒介传播，此阶段乒乓球被推向一个新的高潮；在1960年～1969年，我国通过国家主体实行“自上而下”的制度，通过广泛的人际传播、群体传播、组织传播、现代大众媒介传播等，使乒乓球获得新的生命和意义。大众媒介对乒乓球的传播主要包括图书、报刊杂志、广播、电视、电影、广告、网络及音像等，从传统上看，人们依然把报刊、新闻报道及新闻评论当作了解乒乓球文化的最重要渠道和手段。见证历史的《The Table Tennisand Pastimes Pioneer》、现今世界最权威的乒乓球历史杂志——《The TableTennis Collector》、中国最权威的乒乓球杂志——《乒乓世界》，是历史和现今传播乒乓球文化最为重要的媒介。中国乒乓球的嘉年华活动――“国球大典”，把作为娱乐文化的乒乓球传播推到了一个新的高度。接下来对乒乓球运动在中国的传播进行了重点分析。通过史料考证，认为乒乓球在我国民国时期应运而生，由西方的定居者带到中国。时任设在瑞士的国际乒联乒乓球博物馆馆长洽克·霍伊先生提供的明信片确凿无误地证明，乒乓球至少在1901年已经传入了中国，地点是在中国的天津。近代中国在乒乓球组织、竞赛、技术、规则、女子乒乓球等方面都进行了一定有益的探索与发展，为当今我国乒坛的霸主地位与乒乓球事业打下了初步的基础。解放后从1959年容国团为我国夺得第一个乒乓球世界冠军后，中国利用举国体制的优势，采用组织和群体传播的多种方式，使乒乓球深刻地介入和影响到中国社会，掀起了一波又一波的高潮。通过问卷和专家访谈等方法，认为乒乓球文化价值在中国具有相当高的认可度，其文化影响涵盖到中国社会各个方面。出于乒乓球文化的价值、体育全球化的驱动、乒乓球文化的现代多元性要求、我国国家新形象的构建及我国文化软实力的提升的目的，中国在世界乒乓球文化的传播责无旁贷，需要担当更大的义务和责任。通过对目前主要瓶颈的分析，以韩国跆拳道以及印度瑜伽的世界传播成功经验实例，认为实现乒乓球跨文化传播路径：加强乒乓球文化的认同；构建全球化语境下的乒乓球文化传播的体系；以我国乒乓球超级联赛为载体，发展乒乓球运动文化；加强乒乓球文化研究，对乒乓球文化进行整合和重建。更多还原

【Abstract】 The cover of the《times》in US：“China: A whole new game,”which report thedevelopment of TT in China. Indeed Which no other sports like Chinese table tennisconstantly make miracles, won golds and silver medals in the world sports,and risingside of another side of brilliant banners on the world spots stage. Nor so popular tohundreds of millions of Chinese people, which deeply involve and influenced on theall aspects of Chinese society. Chinese table tennis on behalf of the connotation andextension of Chinese competitive sports, is the core meaning of competitive sports,the best value, function successfully embodied. Although TT is Small, but it bringendless joy and exciting to us, give us countless sensation. Table tennis originated inEngland, as a carrier of Western culture, firstly introduced to China was not rejectedlike other cultures by the local culture,and there is no significant conflict betweenEastern and Western cultures. adverse, it rooted and grow in China, the mostimportant reason is the exchange and dissemination of culture, is based on theinteraction of global culture, a high degree of identity based on the value of tabletennis, Chinese people accepted it,so the TT devepmented and flourished in China.Looking from the TT spread of history in the world,it has inextricably linked innational political, economic, and cultural in its various phases.Today, the World TableTennis arena dominated by Chinese, the other countries table tennis growing have apotential decline trend, how to make the table tennis gain a sustainable development,The concern on cross-cultural communication seems particularly urgent.In the times of the21st century, combed hundreds of years of table tennis to themodern evolutionhistory,deeply study on the TT spread culture of different historicalstages, should be awared by the academia and the community when they reviewedHistorical evolution in this stage, at the same time find a right path for table tennis asPathfinder for Chinese sports system, final spread of the Chinese cultural soft power,to have a broader perspective about the powers of inspection and evaluation of theconstruction of sports. This thesis use including history,dissemination and culturalstudy theories, thourgh methods of literature, questionnaire, depth interviews andother methods, from the historical evolution and cross-cultural communication of theTable Tennis, reveal the historical evolution discipline, learning from history, explorethe practical problem of modern table tennis international spread, especially Chinsecross-cultural communication problems, the thesis will have important academicvalue and practical significance.The thesis composition by the introduction, body, conclusion and appendicy,itsbody including five parts.Firstly research on the TT history and its origin, at the same time interpret themeaning of the TT culture. The early1800s, Because of the popularity of tennis inEurope, leading to the birth of the table tennis. Though study found that the earliestrecord of table tennis from English in the late19th century. After the name of"ping-pong" introducted, the TT was fanatical. Experienced gradually andvigorously development in1900-1904, It spread open in Central European by thetime of1905-1910epidemic, and out of favor after a period of time in Europe, the TT evival in England and Wales. Table Tennis culture is the logical starting point forintercultural communication of table tennis, This thesis think that the culture of tabletennis is the sum of the creation of material wealth and spiritual wealth which the waythat people in the social practice course. It has Comprehensiveness and specificity,participation, entertainment and other features, its features including an educationalfunction, entertainment functions, economic functions, political functions.Next, research on the development of table tennis course and early dissemination.The generation and evolution of TT culture experienced three perfect processes whichis from play to game, from gameto sports, from sports to TT cultural system, thedevepment course of culture carved the deep era imprint, it closely related to thegeneration of modern sports,development of modern competitive sports and IndustrialRevolution. The early20th century, the TT has some of complexity of today’s，someabout music, news reports, sports, newspapers and sports book provided a broad spacefor TT mass communication.The spread of the table tennis sport in the world is the focus of this study. Thisthesis examined the history of the England, the United States, Japan, the Soviet Unionand others.There have a a good socio-economic, cultural and sporting environment inEurope and the United States that gave the birth and development of table tennis. In1926-1951, mainly through the businessmen, clerics, soldiers and other loose-humantransmission and the subsequent orderly organization, so TT is well known in theworld; in1952-1959, led by Japanese TT tactical innovation, with the game events,through standardized organizational communication and mass media communication,this phase of table tennis to a new climax of; in1960-1969, Chinese implement the"top down" system, through a wide range of interpersonal communication, groupcommunication, organizational communication, mass media dissemination, the tabletennis gains a new life and meanings. The spread of table tennis mass media includingbooks, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, film, advertising, network andaudio-video, from the traditional point of view, people are still make the newspapers,news reporting and news commentary as the most understanding of table tennisculture important channels and means. A witness to history of 《the Table Tennis andPastimes the Pioneer》the world’s most authoritative history of table tennis magazine《The Table Tennis Collector》, the most prestigious table tennis magazine 《TTworld》are the most important cultural medium that from history to the present spreadof TT.The The Chinese table tennis Carnival-the "national ball ceremony," make theTT as an entertainment culture spread onto a new level.Next analyzed the spread of table tennis in China. Through historical research,proved that the table tennis came into being in China during the Republic,by thesettlers who from West to China.The postcard which provided by Chuck Hoey who isthe Curator of the ITTF Museum unmistakable proofed,that the table tennis, at least in1901, has been introduced to China, the place was in Tianjin, China. Modern China intable tennis organizations, competition, technology, rules, and women’s table tenniswere certain useful exploration and development, to lay a preliminary foundation fortoday’s dominance of China’s table tennis. After the liberation from1959, RongGuotuan won the first table tennis world champion for our country, then use of the advantage of the nationwide system, through organizations and groups spread andother variety of ways, the table tennis deeply involved in and influence to the Chinesesociety, setting off a wave after wave of climax.Through questionnaires and interviews with experts and other methods, think thetable tennis cultural values in China have very high recognition, its cultural influencecovering the various aspects of Chinese society. Because of the TT cultural value,sports drivered by the of globalization sports, Cultural diversity in modern times, toconstruct a new country’s national image and upgrading of Chinese cultural softpower, China has a responsibility and obligation to spread Table Tennis culture in theWorld. Through the analysis the successful spread experience of the Korean TaeKwon and Indian yoga,Think that achieve the Cross-cultural Communication of theTable Tennis path①to strengthen the table tennis cultural identity；②Constructionof the globalization of table tennis cultural transmission system;③Take the ChineseTable Tennis Super Competition as the carrier, so development of table tennis culture;④to strengthen table tennis cultural studies, make them to integration andreconstruction.更多还原