【作者】 欧仁山；

【导师】 汪太贤；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 宪法与行政法学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 自从立宪主义成为世界政治发展的趋势以来，选择什么样的国家结构形式，是每一个走在近现代民族国家构建过程中的民族首先要作出的抉择。作为国家结构形式之一的联邦制，以其天生俱来的契合民主政治的优势，融入了世界第一部成为宪法。随着美国在国际舞台的迅速崛起，以宪法的形式来配置中央与地方的权力并充分保障地方分权自治为核心特征的联邦制成为世界各国进步人士学习、探究、仿行的对象。伴随欧风美雨的东渐，联邦主义成为了中国革命志士的建国方案。1911年辛亥革命爆发，各省纷纷脱离满清独立，以建立联邦主义共和国相号召。独立各省，自颁约法、自组政府、握有军队、控制财源，俨然独立国。1912年1月1日，各省都督代表选举产生的孙中山就任中华民国临时大总统，中华民国成立。1912年3月，中国第一部民主共和的宪法性文件《中华民国临时约法》颁布。该文件并未明确中华民国的国家结构形式。但从政府组成的背景以及政治现状来看，中华民国临时政府统治的是事实上的联邦国家，《中华民国临时约法》则默认了这一事实。中华民国的历史从开始就建立在联邦事实的基础上。从专制主义中央集权传统中走来的袁世凯大总统，显然不能接受这一联邦制的事实。袁世凯采取了一系列的中央集权的措施，引发了民国时期第一场中央集权与地方分权之间的较量。袁世凯通过干预国会的制宪活动，阻止限制其权力的宪法的通过，制定《中华民国约法》和《中华民国大总统选举法》，一步步将其权力扩大到与满清皇帝一样的地步，最后竟至称帝。袁世凯的专制主义中央集权举措遭到了所有地方势力的反对，其中就包括他提拔的北洋系地方督军。专制主义中央集权发展到极致，袁世凯也成了真正的孤家寡人，倒在享受过地方分权利益的地方势力面前是历史的必然。护国运动结束后的中华民国又回到事实上的联邦状态，以段祺瑞为代表的北洋系军人和依附于他们的政党仍然不能接受这样的事实，前者采取武力统一的政策，后者则在国会的制宪活动中贯彻其中央集权的立宪方案，于是在国会制宪过程中发生了激烈的论争。这就是国会在省制问题、地方制度问题、省宪问题上长期争论不休，最终影响中华民国第一部宪法迟迟难以诞生的真正原因。国会第一次恢复制宪时，依附于北洋政府的由进步党演变而来的研究系坚决反对省制入宪、省长民选，早在袁世凯时期就失去中央和地方政权的国民系则坚决要求省制入宪、省长民选。护法国会制宪时，原属国民系的政学会成了实际控制护法军政府的桂系军阀的附庸，这时便成了反对地方制度中省长民选、加强省议会权力的一方，并以各种手段阻止制宪会议的进行，最终导致护法国会制宪会议的停止。由于省制、地方制度入宪、省长民选的主张，其实质是希望通过宪法来保障地方的权力，因此属于联邦主义地方分权的性质，是联邦主义在立宪中的具体表现。1920年直皖战争爆发，再一次证明了专制主义中央集权道路的破产，联邦主义地方分权得到公开而广泛的提倡，各省自制省宪，联省自治达到高潮，最终促成1923年联邦主义宪法的诞生。1912年至1923年的民国立宪，以一部联邦主义宪法的艰难确立而结束。造成立宪艰难的原因，除了常说的政局不稳、军阀政治等原因外，与本文论题有关的主要还是人们对联邦主义的误解和政党及其领袖的主张的变化无常。由于民国时期省区势力的存在和发展、地方分权要求的强烈和联邦主义与民国宪政建设的一致性，联邦主义宪法最终得以确立。更多还原

【Abstract】 To choose what kind of state structure is the first problem to be solved in the process ofconstruction of modern state for every people, since constitutionalism became overwhelmingtrend to the world political development.The federalism was integrated into the firstconstitution all of the world, as it is a kind of state structure and connects closely todemocratic politics. Since the United States of America rose up abruptly, the progresscountries in the world had learnt, explored and imitated the federal system of rulecharacterized by designing and distributing power between central and local government.When European and American constitutionalism swept through the eastern part of the world,the federalism also became the founding program for the revolutionaries in China.In order to establish federal Republic of China, the provinces had broken away andbecame independent from Qing dynasty, since the democratic revolution of the capitalist classbroke out in1911. Every independent province seemed to be a complete country because theyestablished and issued constitutions, organized government, hold the military power andcontrol the financial resource. Sun Yet-sen was selected by the commanding officersrepresentatives as their provisional president in1912,and the Republic of China wasfounded.In March1912,the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China—the firstdemocratic republic constitutional document was issued.This document didn’t stateddefinitely what kind of state structure the Republic of China is belong to. Actually, thebackground of its governmental organization and structure, combined with its political statuscould tell us that Republic of Nanjing Government is of a federal system of rule, and theProvisional Constitution of the Republic of China put its tacit consent, too. Thus, the historyof the Republic of China founded on the federal system of rule from the very beginning.Obviously, president Yuan who is an autocrat and could not accept the federalism andtook a series of measures to centralize the state power, which touched off the first politicalatmosphere war about centralization and decentralization. Yuan Shikai interfered constitutionactivities in congress, including preventing the constitution from pass and laying downConstitution of Republic of China and the Presidential Election of Republic of China.Consequently,Yuan expanded his power gradually just like an emperor, and finally heproclaims himself an emperor.The autocracy of Yuan Shikai was opposed by all of the people who supported local power,including the local commanding officers of Bei Yanggovernment led by himself. At the end, the centralized and autocratic power reached anextreme and inevitably, Yuan Shikai became a real loser and his government collapsed infront of the people who advocated localizing power.The Republic of China came back to the federalism after the constitution-protectingcampaign. The Wan Party (led by Duan Qirui) still could not accept the federalism fact andneither could the political party attached to them. The former took the unifying policy byforce and the later carried out its constitutional scheme of centralization. Therefore, theydebate fiercely in congress. The first constitution of the Republic of China was very difficultto formulate because of the long time debate about the problems involving institution ofprovince, province and constitution and local administration system. When the Congress ofRepublic of China restored to make constitution, the Study Party who came from the ProgressParty and was attached by Bei Yang government had opposed firmly to write the provincialgovernors selected by people and the institution of province into constitution.Whereas the Kuomintang who fell from the central and local power early in the rulingperiod of Yuan Shikai advocated determinedly them.During the period of theconstitution-protecting campaign, the Academy of Political Science derived fromKuomintang and became to depended on Gui Party(ruled by Guangxi province) who controlthe constitution-protecting government in fact, and then protested against the localadministration system embracing governors selected directly by people and enhancing theprovincial congress power. Hence, they took various measures to hold back the constituentassembly, which ultimately cause the constitution-protecting convention to an end. Thepropositions involving the institution of province, local administration system andprovincial president selected directly by people accounted for the nature aboutdecentralization of federalism,and were designed to protect the localizing power andembodied the federalism in constitution. In the year of1920,the war between Zhi Party (ledby Feng Guozhang) and Wan Party (led by Duan Qirui) broke out,which proved one moretime that the autocratic centralization way did be destined to result in failure and fall frompower. Federalism decentralizing power promoted openly and sweepingly through across thecountry, along with the summit about provincial constitutionalism and allied-provincesautonomy that following, made the Constitution of1923a constitution of federalism.The constitution making in the early years of the Republic of China (1912-1923) finished hardly at last by a federalism constitution. There are other many reasons but the politicalinstability, warlord politics, and the reason related with the paper mainly are themisunderstanding of federalism and the leaders of parties constantly changing assertion. Butthe federalism constitution was established at last because of the existence of provincialpower and the uniformity of the strong desire to decentralization of authority and constructionof constitutionalism of the Republic of China.更多还原