【作者】 邢洁；

【导师】 马放； 杨基先；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 环境科学与工程， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）是具有潜在危险性的新兴环境污染物，它们不易降解、残留期长，可以通过富集效应积累于生物体内，因此会给水生生物和人类带来巨大的潜在危害，现已成为环境领域的热点研究问题。卡马西平作为典型的PPCPs指示性物质，其化学持久性、痕量污染性给现有的处理方法及工艺造成了困难。针对上述问题，本研究基于微生物絮凝剂具有良好的净水效能和应用广谱性的特点，开展了对PPCPs去除效果和机制的研究。本研究从大庆油污土壤及哈尔滨太平废水处理厂的活性污泥中筛选得到100余株产絮菌，结合实验室现有的及文献中已报道的产絮菌，构建了产絮菌种质资源库。并根据蛋白质对卡马西平有较强的结合力的特点，从产絮菌种质资源库中优选出蛋白类微生物絮凝剂产絮菌J-1，开展微生物絮凝剂的制备和应用研究。经鉴定产絮菌J-1为克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella variicola），GenBank登录号为KF770752，菌种保藏号为CGMCC NO.6243。通过对产絮菌J-1的生长特性和发酵特性的研究，确定该菌具有良好的遗传稳定性，其最大比生长速率为0.44h-1，最大菌量预测值为2.05g/L。产絮菌J-1发酵产絮凝剂的最佳条件为接种量6.5mL/100mL，pH值7.5，温度35oC，摇床转速140r/min，发酵时间15h，此时的絮凝率为97.32%。由产絮菌J-1发酵产生的微生物絮凝剂MFX，分泌于发酵液的上清液中。其主要成分是结合多糖的蛋白质大分子有机物质，其中蛋白质的含量是多糖的1.6倍。在中性偏碱条件下，20~80oC范围内，微生物絮凝剂MFX的絮凝活性可以保持在85%以上。同时，MFX具有较高的分子量分布，最高可达8,509,760Da。另外，红外光谱结果表明，微生物絮凝剂MFX中含有包括氨基、酰氨基、羧基和羟基在内的多种官能团。根据MFX的理化性质采用醇沉水提法对其主要活性成分进行提取。最佳提取条件为发酵上清液浓缩至原体积的1/2；乙醇用量为发酵液体积的3.5倍；提取时间为15h；乙醇浓度为100%。在此条件下，絮凝剂活性成分的提取量为2.54g/L。与提取前相比，其水溶液更加粘稠，且絮凝效果也由提取前的97.35%提高到98.06%。微生物絮凝剂MFX对雌激素、卡马西平和磺胺甲恶唑等几种典型的PPCPs物质均有良好的去除效果，其中在絮凝剂投加量7mL，助凝剂投加量0.1mL，pH值7.5，反应温度35oC，反应时间0.5h时，MFX对水量为1L，浓度为1mg/L的卡马西平的去除率达到81.75%。与常规的四种无机有机化学絮凝剂相比，微生物絮凝剂MFX对卡马西平的去除效果有着显著的优势。选择水量为1L的生活污水和二沉池出水，考察微生物絮凝剂MFX对实际废水中卡马西平的去除效果，结果显示在pH值为8，絮凝剂投加量为8.5mL，助凝剂投加量为0.1mL，作用时间为13min的去除条件下，微生物絮凝剂MFX对卡马西平的去除率分别达到75.03%和69.76%。与卡马西平配水相比，去除率有所下降，这是由于生活污水和二沉池出水中的固体悬浮物（SS）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）等与卡马西平对微生物絮凝剂MFX吸附位点的竞争导致的。通过微生物絮凝剂MFX处理卡马西平的絮凝形态学和Zeta电位的变化，推测，微生物絮凝剂MFX去除卡马西平的主要机制为吸附架桥作用和网捕卷扫作用。利用浓度为90%（V:V）的甲醇对卡马西平进行解吸附1h，解吸附率达到62%。对比吸附前、吸附后和解吸附后的微生物絮凝剂MFX的扫描电镜照片，证明微生物絮凝剂MFX对卡马西平的吸附是部分可逆的。利用超声波对解吸附后的沉淀进行破碎，有23%的卡马西平被释放出来，尚有8.14%的卡马西平不知去向。三维荧光光谱实验结果证明在λex/λem=（250～270）nm/（410～420）nm处有新的物质生成。红外光谱显示3590.22cm-1处有新峰生成，同时羟基、羧基和氨基的特征峰均出现红移现象，证实了微生物絮凝剂MFX对卡马西平的去除过程中同时存在物理吸附和化学吸附。吸附动力学和热力学结果显示微生物絮凝剂MFX对卡马西平的吸附更符合拟一级动力学反应和Freundlich吸附等温方程，该结论进一步证明了微生物絮凝剂MFX对卡马西平的吸附是由物理吸附和化学吸附共同起作用的吸附架桥和网捕卷扫过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) have brought potentially enormous hazard to aquatic species and human because of their bio-accumulate effect to organisms, leading to an attention of environment fields. The persistence and trace characteristics of PPCPs make them difficult to remove by current methods and processes. According to the issues above, this research developed removal effect and mechanism study of PPCPs based on favorable water-clean property and broad-spectrum application of bioflocculant.This research started from seed selection of bioflocculant micro-organisms. After screening,100strains flocculant organisms were acquired. Combined with bioflocculant micro-organisms in our lab and from literature, a database of bioflocculant organisms seeds information was set up. Bioflocculant species J-1was selected for micro-organism flocculants preparation and application. After identified, J-1belongs to Klebsiella variicola, GenBank accession number is KF770752, microbial culture preservation number is CGMCC NO.6243. According to the growing property and fermentation characteristic study of J-1, It’s hereditary stability was stable, the maximum specific growth rate was0.44h-1, the maximum predicted biomass was2.05g/L. the most optimum flocculant yield conditions of bioflocculant bacterium J-1were inoculation6.5mL/100mL, pH7.5, temperature35oC, rotating speed140r/min, fermentation time15h, and the flocculating rate under such condition was97.32%, bioflocculant yield rate2.51g/L.The primary metabolism products, MFX, of bioflocculant bacterium J-1was secreted to supernatant of fermentation liquor. The results of color reaction, enzymolysis reaction, and three dimensional fluorescence spectra revealed that MFX is macomolecule organic substance consisted of polysaccharide and protein, which the content of protein was1.6times higher than polysaccharide. The results of stability test and thermogravimetric analysis proved that under condition of netral of slightly basic, temperature of20~80oC, the flocculants active property could be kept above85%. Meanwhile, MFX has the property of relatively high molecular weight as high as8,509,760Da. The result of infrared spectroscopy indicated that microbial flocculants MFX contains many functional groups such as amidogen, amide, carboxyl, and hydroxyl. According to the physical and chemical characteristics of MFX, ethanol extraction method was applied to extract its major active ingredients. The most optimum extraction conditions are concentrating the fermentation supernatant volume to1/2of former volume, ethanol quantity3.5 times than fermentation volume, extracting time15h, ethanol concentration100%. Under such condition, the extracted concentration of flocculant avtive ingredients was2.543g/L. Compared to previously, the liquid solution was more sticky, and flocculating effect promoted from97.35%to98.06%.Microbial flocculant MFX showed a favorable removal effect of several typical PPCPs such as estrogen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole. Under conditions of flocculant inoculum7mL, flocculant favorable drug addition0.1mL, pH7.5, reaction temperature0.5h, the removal efficiency of carbamazepine was more than81.75%. Compared to the regular four inorganic and organic flocculants, microbial flocculant MFX had a prominent advantage in removing carbamazepine. Sewage and secondary sedimentation tank effluent were selected to study microbial flocculant MFX removal effect of carbamazepine in real wastewater, and the result showed that under conditions of pH8, flocculant inoculum8.5mL, flocculant favorable drug addition0.1mL, reaction time13min, microbial flocculant MFX could remove carbamazepine by75.03%and69.76%. Compared to synthesis carbamazepine water, removal efficiency was decreased a little, because of substances such as suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) competed with carbamazepine for the absorption position of microbial flocculant.According to the flocculant behavior and potential Zeta changes of microbial flocculant MFX, it is probable that the major mechanism of microbial flocculant MFX removing carbamazepine are absorbtion bridging, capturing and sweeping effects. Concentration of90%ethanol was applied to dissociative adsorb carbamazepine, and the dissociative adsorption rate was62%. Compared to the SEM images of pre-absorbed, after absorbed and dissociative adsorbed microbial flocculant MFX, the absorption of carbamazepine of MFX was partial reversible. Ultrasonic wave method was applied to broken dissociative absorbed sediments,23%carbamazepine was released, and8.14%remained was unknown to where. The result of three-dimension fluorescence spectrum proved that both physical absorption and chemical absorption exist in the process of MFX removing carbamazepine. Absorption kinetics and thermal results showed that MFX removing carbamazepine was fit for pseudo-first order kinetics and Freundlich absorption isotherm. This result further proved that microbial flocculant MFX absorbing carbamazepine was the process of combination of physical and chemical absorption effects of absorption bridging, capturing and sweeping.更多还原