【作者】 黄立诗；

【导师】 丁崇明；

【作者基本信息】 北京师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 马来西亚（Malaysia），简称“大马”，是一个由多元族群组成的社会。华人是马来西亚第二大的族群，华语则是当地华人社会最主要的语言，它也是华人社会在比较正式的社交场合里因考虑到不同籍贯华人的方言背景差异之下而选择的共同语。华语与普通话本是同源一脉，但是由于华语在马来西亚华人社会里长期与多种方言和其它语言掺杂使用而导致华语内部出现了不少特殊的语法现象。今天，如果拿华语和普通话相比的话，两者之间显然已不能完全划上等号了。本文作者是一名在马来西亚土生土长的华人，经过长时间对当地华人日常交谈进行观察之后发现，在华语口语里含有不少和普通话语法有异的现象。本文采用描写语言学的方法针对以下特殊语法现象做出研究：1.“回”作动态助词，表示动作行为的回复、表示状态、情形的回复以及表示想法上的回复。2.“到”及与之相关的特殊句法结构：“到”构成的“V+到”结构，不带后置成分的情况下用于表示达到目的、得到结果，带名词时表示“V”所影响的对象。“X+到+完”可以表示“全、光、尽”之义，“有/没（没有）+V+到”表示完成态、经历态，“V+得/不+到”表示可能/不可能之义，脱落句构成的新句式“ADJ+到”结构，表示主语的状态、性质或特征等达到高程度。3.重叠形式：动词重叠构成“VV+数量词语”、“VV+下”、“V下V下”、“VV+趋向动词”、“VV+掉”以及动词重叠式在句中单独作谓语或状语。形容词重叠有形容词AA重叠式不带“的”充当谓语，形容词AA重叠式作补语、形容词AA重叠式充当状语以及形容词重叠式充当定语以及“V+看看”中的助词重叠。4.特殊句法结构：“先、才、多、少”作状语后置，“有+VP”构成述宾结构，复合趋向动词带处所宾语，特殊比较句，（程度副词）+(形容词+名量词)充当谓语，（程度副词）+（形容词+动词性短语）充当谓语以及给予义双宾语倒置。5.“够/不够”在马来西亚华语里作比较句中的比较标记，“够”作语气副词，“够力”作状语和补语，“够”置于名词前面的用法。6.特殊语气词：表示询问、反诘的“咩”[m55]，表示求证的“啊”[a21]，表示不出所料的求证的“咧”[l13]，表示征询的“咧”[l21]，表示询问的“咧”[l51-55]和“啊哈”[21h35]，表示揣测的“啩”[kwa33]以及表示寻求认同的“嗬”[h]。正反问句：“V-不-VO”、“V不V得C/“V-不-V得CO”以及“有没有VP”。7.因受到福建话语法的影响而习惯把“了”（le）读作“了”(liao)。本文通过对马来西亚华语口语里多种特殊的语法现象的描写，看到以下一些值得注意的事实：1.马来西亚华语口语受广东话的语法影响多于福建话的语法。2.因大部分马来西亚华人的大脑中都有两个或两个以上的子系统，因此懂得方言而又习惯说华语的人在使用华语进行交际的时候，两个或几个子系统之间就有可能出现相互竞争的现象。最终，母语方言的子系统可能进入华语的子系统而使华语出现了方言的语法。这是一种“接触引发的语法化”(contact induced grammaticalization)过程。3.语言接触是引发语言变异的主要因素，本文研究结果显示在马来西亚华语口语里发生的语言演变现象是词语的组合或聚合原则出现了无意识的变异而形成的，这种变异机制首先始于“干扰”，即双语人说话时大脑里的两个子系统相互干扰而导致一个子系统进入另一个子系统里的状况，之后出现了“借用”的过程，即把另一种方言的构词或句法带入华语里。4.就目前所观察到的特殊语法现象来看，马来西亚华语语法的变异大部分已经到达“全社团无意识自然变异”的阶段，因为大部分人都把这些变异成分视为一种规范形式；这种规范的新形式已经在马来西亚华人社会里扎下了根。更多还原

【Abstract】 Malaysia is a country with multi-racial society. Among the races, with Chinese being thesecond largest ethnic group in terms of its population ratio, mandarin language not onlyrepresents an important communication tool in Malaysian Chinese society, but also the mostcommonly used media language within Chinese society that constitutes of many differentdialects. Even though “Putonghua”(mandarin language in china) and the Malaysian mandarinlanguage are of the same origin, owing to the latter extensive usage and exposure in MalaysianChinese society of multi-dialect context whereby different dialects are also being widely used indaily basis, these circumstances have induced and created some unique characteristics in theMalaysian mandarin language today. As a result, in comparison with“Putonghua”, the Malaysianmandarin language has evolved into a significantly different language in its own right andcontext. The author of this thesis is a Malaysia-born Chinese and through her extensiveobservation as well as research, it has been discovered that there are apparent difference in thegrammar usage aspect of Malaysian spoken mandarin.By using the research method of descriptive linguistics, this dissertation studies theexceptive phenomenon of grammar used in the mandarin language spoken by Malaysian Chinese,whereby its main contents involve:1. Using回as auxiliary words to express the reversion of actions, conditions,circumstances and thoughts.2. Some of the exceptive syntactic construction related to到including the structure ofV+到, X+到+完,有/没（没有）+V+到, V+得/不+到and ADJ+到.3. The reduplication of verbs: VV+quantitative phrase, VV+下, V下V下, VV+directional verb, VV+掉, and the using of reduplicated verbs as adverbial orpredicate. The reduplication of adjectives: the AA form of reduplicated adjective canbe used as predicate without using的, it can also be used as complement, adverbial and attribute, and the reduplication of auxiliary words: V+看看.4. The exceptional order of the syntactic constituents and its related syntacticconstructions: using先,才,多,少as postposition adverbial, using有+VP aspredicate-object structure, using来and去before location, exceptive comparativesentences, the using of (adverb of degree)+(adjective+quantifiers) and (adverb ofdegree)+(adjective+verb phrase) as predicate, the inversion of dual-object sentencethat carries the meaning of “giving”.5. Using够/不够as the marker of comparative, using够as modal adverbsor and placein before noun in a sentence, using够力as adverbial and complement.6. The using of some special modal particles and positive-negative interrogativesentences:咩[m55],啊[a21],咧[l13],咧[l21],咧[l51-55],啊哈[21h35],啩[kwa33],嗬[h35], V-不-VO, V不V得C/V-不-V得CO and有没有VP.7. The phenomenon of reading了(le) as了(liao) due to the influence of Fujiandialect’s grammar.Based on the description and analysis of various characteristics in the phenomenon ofgrammar used in Malaysian mandarin, some valuable facts can be deduced and concluded asfollow:1. It has greater assimilation to Guangdong dialect than to Fujian dialect.2. The evolution in a language grammar usage that is triggered by local dialect is knownas the “contact induced grammaticalization” effect.3. The evolution of Malaysian mandarin grammar usage is mainly triggered by themutual “interference” within a brain’s language subsystems in a multi-dialectcircumstance, which subconsciously imparts a “borrowing” process that eventuallyresults in the exceptive phenomenon as discussed.4. The language variation in Malaysian Mandarin is considered to have reached a stagewhere the entire society has adopted the variation subconsciously.更多还原