【作者】 赵建勋；

【导师】 周伟；

【作者基本信息】 长安大学 ， 交通工程， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 公路交通行业是我国的基础行业之一，公路交通的发展极大地推动了国民经济的快速增长，人们也越加意识到公路交通的重要性。但是，在我国这样一个以陆路运输为主的大国，随着环境保护问题的逐渐升温，公路交通面临的环境问题也日益突出，这样制约了公路交通的可持续发展。基于高速公路环境问题研究的热点（雨水收集处理处置、污水资源化利用、固体废弃物资源化利用、高速公路隧道生态问题等），作者初步研究了跨越我国最重要的特殊区域之一秦岭的宝汉高速公路，该区域具有特殊的秦岭地质结构、众多的自然保护区及水环境敏感的水源地-水库。这样，给宝汉高速公路带来前所未有的环境问题，同时也给项目的环境问题研究及示范提供了机遇。宝汉高速公路环境问题主要表现在：高速公路路面桥面径流污染及其收集处理处置，服务区的污水污染、固体废弃物污染以及隧道空气污染防治等环境问题，本文主要就此进行技术探讨。本文研究内容主要体现在：1、利用暴雨强度公式核算方法进行了路面桥面雨水蒸发池的容积核算，使核算方法更为科学。同时针对路面环境问题，首次提出路面桥面雨水收集处理处置全程管理体系，即“蒸滤池”方案：雨量大时采用“蒸滤池”工艺对路面桥面雨水收集处理处置，此时初期雨水进入清淤式蒸发池进行蒸发处理，余水则自动进入混凝滤池进行处理后，达标排入水体。而雨量小时，则由清淤式蒸发池进行蒸发处理。整个体系全程自动化管理，操作简便，可实现无人值守。针对高速公路路面径流污染问题，提出了混凝沉淀+PACT工艺的处理方法，并对混凝剂进行了比选研究（聚合硫酸铝+聚丙烯酰胺）。通过路面桥面雨水收集处理处置全程管理体系研究，利用暴雨强度公式对蒸发池容积进行核算，得到适合秦岭地区的蒸发池容积计算公式。同时以宝汉高速汉中石门水库特大桥为例，采用暴雨强度核算、容积核算等方法对跨越路桥雨水收集的蒸发池容积优化，结果表明：蒸发池的容积应为180m3。由于蒸发池聚集的沉淀物会对水源地水体威胁、造成蒸发池容积减少，拥堵、随着水量的增加流入河道及水源地，造成危害。因此蒸发池内的沉淀物因及时清理。通过混凝剂的混凝效果比选，对跨越路桥雨水收集的处理工艺优化，结果表明：由于初期雨水具有污染物种类多、浓度高、浓度变化范围大、初期径流污染严重等问题，应采用混凝沉淀+PACT工艺对雨水进行处理，混凝沉淀优化后的药剂为聚合硫酸铝+聚丙烯酰胺，药剂投加量为150mg/L，PAM为5ml/L，pH值取原水pH值不变。经本工艺处理后的水，水质可以达到地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)的2级标准，SS，COD，BOD5，氨氮，浊度总去除率分别为100%，98.0%，99.0%，98.0%，99.8%。处理后水可以直接排放入水源地的水体或河流。根据石门水库特大桥的坡向（从石门隧道坡向牛头山隧道），以及石门及牛头山隧道的实际情况，采用沉淀池→集水池→混凝池→光催化池→生物活性碳池→出水，经处理后的水质可以达到地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)的2级标准。2、首次采用先进污水处理组合工艺（膜生物反应器+人工湿地组合）对高速公路服务区污水进行回用处理。实现了污水的资源化利用，使得高速公路服务区此类的远离城市水管网的区域节水问题。通过污水处理先进技术组合工艺（膜生物反应器与人工湿地组合工艺），对高速公路服务区废水回用处理进行研究，结果表明：服务区废水基本上以COD、BOD污染为主，SS的来源主要是洗车的废水产生，石油类污染主要以洗车废水为主。氨氮含量较高，这是因为生活污水，尤其是冲厕废水较多造成的。对膜生物反应器处理高速公路服务区污水进行了实验室小试的反应器优化，运行结果显示：COD去除可达90%以上，BOD去除可达93%以上，氨氮去除可达99%以上，总氮去除可达80%以上，具有良好的处理效果。尽管MBR反应器的处理效果很好，但是有时其出水BOD5及总氮不能满足回用标准。因此人工湿地的运行可作为对MBR出水的有效保障。人工湿地的出水无论在COD、BOD及氮素去除中都有很好的水平。通过膜生物反应器+人工湿地组合工艺处理服务区废水实验室小试运行，结果显示：COD去除可达96%以上，BOD去除可达98%以上，氨氮去除可达99%以上，总氮去除可达96%以上，具有良好的处理效果。出水可达到城市污水再生利用-景观环境用水回用标准。根据实验研究，在充分论证的情况下，认为：留坝服务区和石门服务区的水资源循采用膜生物反应器+人工湿地组合工艺是完全可行的，出水可以达到满足GB/T18921-2002，城市污水再生利用-景观环境用水水质标准。服务区水循环回用处理工艺：污水→化粪池→调节池→水解酸化池→MBR→人工湿地→消毒→回用。3、首次对服务区的剩余活性污泥和生活垃圾进行混合堆肥处理，处理后肥料可用于花圃、苗圃等非食用类植物生长基地使用。实现了固体废弃物的资源化利用，又可使污水处理的剩余污泥得以资源化解决，一举两得。通过服务区污水站剩余污泥和服务区生活垃圾进行混合堆肥，进行固体废弃物处理及资源化研究，结果表明：将高速公路服务区产生的固体废弃物和污水处理站产生的剩余污泥进行混合堆肥，基本能够达到废物的生态化利用。在小试试验堆肥过程中，堆体的温度发生了明显的变化。50℃以上的高温维持了12天，其中55℃以上高温6天，可以达到无害化的标准。在堆肥过程中，pH值首先快速上升到碱性范围，在第9天左右达到最高值，然后呈下降趋势，直至中性范围内。全碳的含量在前12天下降明显，表明在高温阶段，微生物的活性较强，所以对有机物的降解比较迅速。氮在前12天也有明显下降，减少了33%，表明高温阶段微生物分解代谢旺盛，产生氨类物质较多，高温造成大量氮的损失。小试试验整个高温阶段，腐殖质含量的增加显著。富里酸和胡敏酸含量的增加说明堆肥使得有机物向腐殖质的方向转化。种子发芽指率的变化说明了高温堆肥阶段是有机物降解的主要阶段，经过堆肥后，样品达到腐熟。经过小试试验认为，留坝服务区和石门服务区的水资源循采用污水处理站污泥及固体废弃物混合堆肥基本可行，腐熟后肥料可供花圃、苗圃等非食用类植物生长基地使用。服务区混合堆肥工艺：污水污泥及生活垃圾→收集→混合堆肥→清运。4、基于京昆高速公路西安—汉中段生态修复工程研究和实践的基础，主要针对宝汉高速公路宝鸡～汉中段沿线穿越秦岭段潜在的生态问题开展环境保护技术的研究，这些技术主要涉及珍稀动物通道、边坡水土保持功能恢复、水源涵养地保护、弃碴场生态修复、退化植被的再植恢复以及其他需要生态改造的点位等，即以点位复合修复的方式进行针对性的修复，达到以点带线的作用。总结了高速公路隧道竖井排气的控制措施，首次提出以大气污染物吸附型材料，吸收材料以及催化转化材料等，并在工程措施、生态措施、植物吸收结合，提出适应秦岭地区的高速公路长隧道竖井排气的处理方案。更多还原

【Abstract】 Highway transportation is one of the basic industries of our country, and thedevelopment of highway traffic greatly promoted the rapid growth of national economy andpeople are increasingly aware of the importance of highway traffic. But in our country roadtransport is the main transport way, as the environmental protection problems are concerned,the environment problems of the road traffic are increasingly prominent, therefore thesustainable development of highway traffic is restricted.This paper investigated the environmental items of Baohan highway in Qinling, suchas pollution characteristics of the highway pavement run-off and control measures,wastewater recycling, solid waste resource utilization and tunnel ecological ecology.The contents of the paper are:1. Rainfall evaporation tank volume was calculated by using the rainstorm intensityformula calculation method. For road environment problems, the whole managementsystem of the road bridge deck rainwater collection processing treatment was first proposed,namely "evaporate" filter scheme: when rainfall is large,"evaporate" filter process was usedto pavement bridge deck rainwater collection disposal, the early rainwater enters thedesilting evaporation evaporation pool, and the other rainwater automatically entered intocoagulation filter, then was discharged into water body. And when rainfall is small, therainwater was treated by the desilting evaporation pool. The system fully automatedmanagement, easy to operate, and can realize unattended. According to highway roadsurface runoff pollution problem, the processing method of coagulation precipitation+PACT process was put forward, and comparison coagulant was studied (polymerizationaluminum sulfate and polyacrylamide).In the study of special regional rainwater collection, Shimen reservoir bridge of theBao Han high-speed road in Hanzhong was researched as an example, and the results ofoptimization of evaporation pool volume used as collecting rainwater in the bridge floorcrossing the reservoir showed that, the volume of evaporation pool should be180m3; the sediment gathered in evaporation pool will result in a decrease of the evaporation poolvolume and hazard the water source. So the evaporation pool sediment should be cleared intime.The optimization of process treating rainwater showed that because the early rain hasthe characteristics of the variety, high concentration, pollutants concentration range, seriouspollution, coagulation precipitation+PACT technology should be adopted to deal with therain. After optimization of coagulation sedimentation, polymer aluminum sulfate+polyacrylamide were chosen as coagulation reagents, the dosing of polymer aluminumsulfate is150mg/L, and PAM is5ml/L. After treating, the quality of effluent can reach thelevel2of surface water environment quality standard (GB3838-2002), the removal ratesof SS, COD, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, total turbidity were100%,98.0%,99.0%,98.0%,99.8%,respectively. Treated water can be discharged directly into the water body or river.According to slope direction of Shimen reservoir bridge (slope from Shimen tunnel to theNiutou mountain tunnel), and the actual situation of Shimen and Niutou mountain tunnel,the process was coagulation sedimentation tank, collecting basin, filter, biological activecarbon pool, effluent.2. In the study of wastewater reuse treatment in highway service area, it found thatCOD, BOD were the main pollution index of the service area wastewater, the SS mainlywas from washing wastewater; oil pollution mainly existed in car washing wastewater.Ammonia nitrogen content is higher and came from the life sewage especially due to moreflushing waste water. The results of membrane biological reactor process treating sewage inexpressway service area showed that the removal rates of COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen,total nitrogen can reach more than90%,93%,99%and80%, respectively. Although theeffect of the MBR reactor treatment is very good, sometimes BOD5and total nitrogen of theeffluent cannot meet the reuse standard. Thus constructed wetland can be used as effectiveguarantee of the MBR effluent. Artificial wetland water has good effect for removing thenitrogen, COD, BOD. The results of Membrane bioreactor+artificial wetland treatingservice area wastewater showed that the removal rates of COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen can reach more than96%,98%99%and96%.According to experimental research and fullydemonstration, the combination process of membrane bioreactor+artificial wetland treatingthe wastewater in Liuba service area and Shimen service area was completely feasible,andeffluent can meet the GB/T18921-2002, the urban sewage recycling-water landscape waterquality standard. The wastewater recycling treatment process: wastewater, septic tanks,adjusts pool, hydrolysis acidification pool, MBR, artificial wetland, disinfection, recycle.3. In the study of solid waste treatment and resource recovery studies, it found thatmixed compost of solid waste from the expressway service area and excess sludge formsewage treatment station can achieve ecological utilization of waste. In the compostingprocess, the temperature of the pile body changed significantly. Temperature over50℃maintained12days, and temperature over55℃maintained6days, which can achieveharmless standards. In the composting process, pH value, first of all, rapidly rose to alkalinerange, peaked in about9days, then had a downward trend until a neutral range. The totalcarbon content decreased significantly before12days, indicating that the high temperaturephase, the microbial activity is stronger, so the degradation of organic matter was quicker.Nitrogen before12days also have obvious drop and decreased by33%. The results showedthat microbial decomposition metabolism was high in high temperature phase, ammonia ismore, and high temperature caused a large amount of nitrogen loss. During the hightemperature phase, the humus content increased significantly.The increase of fulvic acid and humic acid content indicate that compost made towardsthe direction of the humic organic matter transformation. Changes of seed germinationshowed that the high temperature phase is the main phase for organic matter degradation,after composting, the samples reached mature. The composting of sludge form sewagetreatment station and solid waste in Liuba service area and Shimen service area was basicfeasible, the mature compost matter was used as fertilizer for non-edible plants growingbase in nurseries, nursery. The mixed compost process in service area: sewage sludge andsolid waste, collection, mixed compost, pickup.4. Based on the research and practice of Xi’an-hanzhong ecological restoration engineering belong to Bao han highway section of expressway, the environmentaltechnologies were studied mainly for potential ecological problems of Baoji-Hanzhongsection across the Qinling in Bao han highway.These technologies are mainly related to rareanimals channel,function recovery about the slope of soil and water conservation, protectionof water conservation, abandon dross field ecological restoration, replantation of restorationof degraded vegetation, and other ecological transformation points.The targeted mode ofcomposite repairing.In the study of the ecological problems in highway tunnel, cycle is long and scale is bigin the highway tunnel construction, so it has a huge impact on ecological environment. Ifimproper measures of construction, tunnel will affect the ecological environment,atmospheric environment, sound environment, the natural landscape.更多还原