【作者】 王瑞军；

【导师】 王岩；

【作者基本信息】 南京航空航天大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 伴随着我国的改革开放与社会快速转型，民间信仰活动纷纷复兴，并逐渐发展成为一种非常活跃的社会现象。在新农村建设的背景下，研究民间信仰，具有重要的现实意义。建设社会主义新农村是我国重要国家战略，它也是一项宏伟的、长期的系统工程。实现这个目标，一个重要方面就是必须认真解决好数亿农民的精神文化问题，使他们的积极性和创造性都凝聚到社会主义新农村建设的伟大事业中来。要做到这一点，我们不仅要占领主流文化阵地，培养广大农民坚定的社会主义信念，而且更应该关注农村的民间信仰这一非主流文化。民间信仰对当前我国农村社会生活产生着越来越大的影响，必须进一步加强对民间信仰的研究，实施科学有效的管理，才能有利于推动社会主义新农村建设。本研究采用实证研究方法，运用个案研究、社区考察、问卷调查等具体调查研究手段，并辅以个案访谈等，对民间信仰在社会主义新农村建设的社会功能及作用机制开展系统深入研究。通过对民间信仰概念、构成、特征的分析研究，本文认为民间信仰为信仰并崇拜某种或某些超自然力量（以万物有灵为基础，以鬼神信仰为主体），以祈福攘灾等现实利益为基本诉求，自发在民间流传的、非制度化的准宗教。民间信仰与马克思主信仰有本质区别。同时，民间信仰也不同于封建迷信，更有别于邪教。中国民间信仰的特点为自发性、功利性、庞杂性、融合性、区域性、民俗性、民族性、草根性和顽强性等特征。大致有以下几类：祖先崇拜、功臣圣贤崇拜、正统宗教派生下来的俗神信仰、鬼神信仰、自然崇拜。当前我国民间信仰总体发展趋势：信仰动机的多元化；信仰群体的多元化；区域分布的两极化趋势；活动内容和形式的多样化。随着社会的发展和进步，新的民间信仰形式应时而生。当前中国农村社会民间信仰复兴的原因错综复杂。但总体说来，民间信仰复兴的大背景是农村社会的急剧转型。农民自身的特点也是民间信仰复兴的原因之一。民间信仰作为一种宗教文化形态，在中国历史上曾发挥过重要的作用。新时期广大农村民间信仰的复兴，最根本的原因是民间信仰社会空间的构建。社会空间是指国家和地方政府事实上的认可和民间的支持，社会空间是民间信仰社会功能发挥的基础场域。首先是民间信仰政策空间的构建。在国家对传统文化重新重视的同时，非物质文化遗产制度应运而生，从而使得对民间信仰的保护拥有了制度上的保障。同时，民间信仰主动寻求合法化：主动与社会主义社会相适应，主动把国家符号接纳进来，加大参与社会公益慈善事业的力度；采取“双名”、“借名”、“共名”和“换名”等合法化策略。民众对民间信仰的认知也由过去的消极态度为主逐渐转变为积极评价增多。民间信仰的社会功能是指民间信仰在维持社会秩序、保证社会系统正常运作方面所具有的影响力。民间信仰的社会功能具有多维性、双重性和可变性等特征。本研究主要从民间信仰作为一社会子系统对构成社会共同体的其他部分或社会子系统的能动作用角度来进行考察的：即主要考察民间信仰在社会主义新农村建设中的政治、经济、文化、社会心理、生态等功能。在关注民间信仰主要的正功能的同时，分析民间信仰相应的负功能，并探讨负功能的消解策略。民间信仰在新农村建设中的功能也体现出双重性，既具有积极功能，也有消极功能，因此很难对民间信仰在新农村建设中的功能做一个简单的定论，对其认真分析研究、全面认识，实践中趋利避害才是应该采取的科学态度。民间信仰在社会主义新农村建设中的积极作用：（1）参与乡村治理。民间信仰人士参与社会公共事务；民间信仰教团组织处理公共事务；民间信仰教义、仪式被政府征用运用到乡村治理中；民间信仰有助于抵御邪教和境外反动势力渗透。（2）促进农村经济发展。带来信仰社区庙会经济大发展，促进观光旅游业发展和有利于招商引资。（3）有利于新农村文化建设。一是对优秀传统文化传承作用；二是民间信仰是乡村主要文化娱乐活动，丰富百姓精神生活；三是起到社会教化的作用；四是促进乡村文化产业发展。（4）发挥社会心理调适功能。民间信仰所信奉的人生观、价值观，信仰伦理中所包含的优秀成分对普通百姓进行道德教化，促进个体正常社会化；另一方面民间信仰可以提供安全感和某种慰藉，消除心中的愤懑与怨气，满足人们对爱的渴望，实现心理调适功能，从而打造社会和谐的底基：个体心理/精神的和谐。（5）生态环境保护功能。自然崇拜是民间信仰的重要部分，对自然神、图腾的崇拜，民间信仰中都有许多保护生态环境的民间禁忌和民间规约间接起到保护农村生态环境的作用。民间信仰在社会主义新农村建设中的消极功能主要有：影响社会主义核心价值观向乡村渗透，干扰基层民主建设，造成人力、财力的浪费，容易导致封建迷信活动泛滥等。要消除民间信仰在新农村建设中消极影响，应对之进行正确的管理和引导。当前我国乡村民间信仰本身的发展存在一些问题，其中最主要的有三个方面：民间信仰发展盲目，甚至狂热；民间信仰组织发展混乱；民间信仰法制不健全，管理有待规范。基于目前民间信仰的现状，国家应该对其发展方向进一步规范和指导。发挥民间信仰的正面的功能，抑制和消除负功能，使其在正常的范围内健康发展，为建设和谐社会做出贡献。总的方针是引导民间信仰与社会主义社会相适应，具体措施包括：挖掘和利用民间信仰包含的积极因素；发挥民间信仰界人士和民间信仰组织的作用；政府工作中将民间信仰纳入宗教管理范畴，分类管理；保护与开发并重。同时，需要构建民间信仰与社会主义社会相适应的保障体系：一是要强化马克思主义在意识形态上的领导权；二是要发展乡村科学教育，破除鬼神迷信；三是构建满足乡村群众实际需要的福利保障体系和心理疏导机制。在新形势下，要正确看待民间信仰对我国农村地区主流意识形态影响力的冲击，既不能没有忧患意识，也不必大惊小怪。需要构建农村和谐型的意识形态共生范式：一元主导性与多样性并存；开放性与包容性并存；先进性与层次性并存。进一步提高用社会主义核心价值体系引领多样化社会思想的水平，形成意识形态领域既百花齐放又主旋律鲜明的局面。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the great success of reform and the social transition in China， folk belief revived againand developed fast，and becoming popular since the1980s in20Century. The study of folk belief hasrealistic significance， particularly under the background of Building a new socialist countryside.Building a new socialist countryside is our national strategy， is a magnificent、long-term systemproject.To achieve this goal， an important aspect is to solve spiritual and cultural demand ofhundreds of millions of farmers， then their enthusiasm and creativity are condensed to theconstruction of new socialist countryside.we must not only promote the mainstream culture， cultureof broad farmer firm faith in socialism， but also should pay more attention to the folk belief，thenon mainstream culture. The folk belief is producing bigger and bigger effect in current society life，so we must study the folk belief further strengthen， and put into scientific and effectivemanagement，promote the construction of a new socialist countryside.Empirical study of sociology isused in this research. Statistical techniques is used to analyze survey data in this research，and thecases interview data were supplemented. the research analyses is based on theory and survey.Based on analyse the concept， feature and function of folk beliefs， the definition of folkbelief in this dissertation is belief and worship some supernatural power (to animism as the basis，to supernatural beliefs as the main body，to pray for blessings）realistic benefits as the basic appeal，spontaneously in the folk， non-institutional， non organized religions. There is substaintialdistinction between Folk belief and Marxism. At the same time， the folk belief is different from thefeudal superstition， More distinct from the Pseudo Religion.In china， folk beliefs’maincharacteristics include Spontaneous、utilitarian、complexity、integration、regional、ethnic、grassrootsand tenacity. Folk belief in rural areas includes many categories：ancestor worship， meritoriousstatesman and sage worship，religious belief，spirits faith，nature worship. The folk belief in Chinaoverall development trend：faith motive diversification； plurality of groups of believers； regionaldistribution of polarization trend； activity contents and forms diversified. with the development andprogress of society， new folk beliefs will be created. The causes of rural folk revival is perplexing in current Chinese.But generally speaking， thebackground is the rural social transformation speedy. Farmers’ own characteristics is one of the causetoo. As a religious culture， folk belief was an important role in Chinese history. Folk beliefs’renaissance in new period based on the it’s social space. Folk beliefs’ Social space refers to therecognized in fact of state and local government and the common people’s support. Firstly， Policychanged and folk beliefs become legal. Country pay more attention to traditional culture， the lawsand regulations of intangible cultural heritage is the folk beliefs chance. at the same time，folk beliefsseek for legalization：take country symbol in ceremony，more charity；peoples’ perspective to folkbelief becoming positive from negative。The social function of folk beliefs is the influence of a folk belief in maintaining social order，guarantee the normal operation of the social system. The Social function of folk belief ismultidimensional、dual nature and variability. This research mainly from folk beliefs as a sub-systemof society of social community and other parts or social subsystem dynamic view：that is，mainly onthe folk belief in the construction of new socialist countryside political， economic， cultural，social，ecological and other functions. On folk beliefs of the main positive function at the same time，the corresponding negative function of folk beliefs， and to explore the negative function of theresolution strategy.folk belief is a combination of advantages and disadvantages in building aharmonious society.folk belief have positive Social function and negative function in building anew socialist countryside.The positive functions of folk beliefs in Building a new socialist Countryside：(1）Participation in village governance. Folk beliefs of people in social and public affairs； folk beliefs ofthe cult organization dealing with public affairs； the doctrine of the faith， folk rituals is beingexpropriated by the government to use in rural governance； folk belief helps protect against cults andforeign reactionary forces infiltration.(2） Promote rural economic development. Bring faithcommunity Temple economic development， promote tourism development and is conducive toinvestment.(3） In favor of the new rural cultural construction. One of the outstanding traditionalculture inheritance function； two is a folk belief is rural main cultural and recreational activities，enrich people’s spiritual life； three is to social education function； the four is to promote the development of rural cultural industry.(4） Play the social function of psychological mediation. Folkbeliefs in the outlook on life， values， ethics contained in the excellent compositions for ordinarypeople to carry out the moral education， promote the individual normal socialization； on the otherhand the folk religion can provide a sense of security and a kind of consolation， remove your angerand resentment， meet people’s desire for love， to achieve psychological adjustment function，thereby build harmonious society base：individual mental/spiritual harmony.(5） Ecologicalenvironment protection function. Nature worship is an important part of folk belief， God of nature，totem worship， folk belief has a lot of protecting the ecological environment of folk taboos and folkconventions indirectly to rural ecological environment protection effect.The Negative function of folk beliefs in Building a new socialist Countryside：baffle the systemof socialist core values permeation， disturb Primary-level democracy construction， wasteresource， induce fetish diffuse and unstabilization. Eliminate the negative function shouldsupervise rightly.There are some problems of the development of folk beliefs in Our country present.the mostimportant three aspects：Development too fast， even fanatical； folk belief organizationsdeveloping disorder； related laws and decrees system is not perfect， the management should bestandardized.Therefore， the state should regulate the direction of folk beliefs’ development andgive a deep guidance. Making Folk beliefs to play a positive function， avoid Vice-function，andavoid the negative effect to society.Should guide folk belief to adapt to socialist society.Concretemeasures： discover and utilization folk beliefs’ positive factors； utilize positive function of folkbeliefs believers and folk belief organizations； government should manage folk belief asreligious， classify folk beliefs for management； protection and development should pay sameattention.At the same time，supplementary system of folk religion adapt to socialist society shouldbe constructed. Firstly， strengthen the Marx doctrine ideological leadership； the second， developrural education， do away with superstition thought； the third， construct welfare system andpsychological mechanism，meet the rural masses’need； fourth， is to carry out mass rural culturalactivities.Should keep a proper view on the impact of folk beliefs to main ideology in the new period. A Harmonious Symbiotic paradigm should be establish： leading unitary and variety coexist；openness and inclusiveness coexist； advanced and administrative levels coexist； critical andconstructive coexist； inheritance and innovation coexist； legal and moral nature. To further enhancethe core values of the socialist system of diversified social ideological level， formed the ideology isall flowers bloom together.更多还原