《原本老乞大》语法研究

【作者】 曹瑞炯；

【导师】 刘丹青； 吴福祥；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 汉语言文字学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 《原本老乞大》亦称古本或旧本《老乞大》，是传世《老乞大》最早的一个版本。《老乞大》作为历代朝鲜人学习汉语的权威会话教科书，使用时间长、流传范围广，在汉语语法研究史上一直具有着独特而重大的地位。而《原本老乞大》因为其较为完整地保留了元代汉语原貌，引起了学界重视，也成为本文写作的初衷。本文参照吴福祥（1996、1997、2003）的研究框架，采取定量与定性相结合的方法，对《原本老乞大》（以下简称《原老》）的语法面貌进行详细描写和分析，力求完整、全面地展示《原老》所呈现出来的时代特点。在此基础上，本文利用高育花（2007）对《元刊全相平话五种语法研究》（以下简称《平话》）的研究成果，将《原老》的语法特点与之对比，以期发现《原老》所代表的元代北方汉语与《平话》所代表的元代南方汉语之间的共性和差异。本文的初步结论是：《原老》的语法系统各个层面总体上而言，与《平话》乃至现代汉语都大同小异，可以说是已经基本具备了现代汉语的语法系统框架。但是，《原老》作为北方汉语和对外汉语教材的特性，决定了它又在指代词、数量词、介词、助词和一些句式上呈现出了自己的特点，具有鲜明的时代特性和接触痕迹。与以往以及同时期的口语文献相比，《原本老乞大》中存在着五种特殊语言现象：（1）OV语序（如“有”字句）；（2）否定判断句的语序（“主语+宾语+不是”）；（3）后置词（方位短语作状语）；（4）“V1着V2”句式；（5）句尾语气词“有”的使用。本文认为《原老》这五种特殊语言现象是语言接触引发的演变。产生这种演变的动因是汉语和蒙古语、朝鲜语等阿尔泰语系语言的接触，其中和蒙古语接触的影响是主要的。演变的机制可分为两种：1. OV语序、否定判断句（“主语+宾语+不是”）属于“语序重组”；2后置词、“V1着V2”句式、句尾语气词“有”属于“构式复制”。更多还原

【Abstract】 Original <Lao Qi Da> is an older version of <Lao Qi Da>, and is the oldest version of thetranscending <Lao Qi Da>.<Lao Qi Da> was used widely and for a long time by the Joseonpeople to learn Chinese. In the field of Chinese linguistics studies,<Lao Qi Da> holds a veryimportant position. Due to its complete preservation of theYuan dynasty’s Chinese, Original <LaoQi Da> has erupted heavy academic attention, which also is the reason of this thesis.This thesis is under the frame set by Wu Fuxiang (1996,1997,2003), collecting quantitativeand qualitative ideals, to analysis the face of linguistics in Original <Lao Qi Da>(abbreviated to<OLQD> from this point.) This research will seek for a complete and multi-faceted approach todissect the cultural characteristics that is shown in <OLQD>. This thesis also uses bases from GaoYuhua (2007)’s <Five Kinds of Popular Stories in the Yuan Dynasty>(Abbreviated to <Fivestories> from this point.) to compare with <OLQD> so see the linguistic characteristics. This willshed lights on the differences between the Northern Yuan Chinese and the Southern Yuan Chinese,shown in <Five stories> and <OLQD>.Initial findings:<OLDQ>’s linguistic system seems to share a lot of resemblance seen from<Five stories>, it can also be said this already have the main framesets for modern Chinese.However, showing Northern Chinese characteristics as a textbook, it also shows its owncharacteristics when dealing with pronouns, quantifiers, prepositions and auxiliary words,signifying its cultural characteristics.Compared to other contribution for oral language at the time,<OLQD>consists of5speciallinguistic phenomenons.1/OV sequence (sentences with the word “you”)2/Word order for negative judgment sentences (“noun+object+‘bu-shi’”)3/Post position (adverbial position phrases)4/syntactical structure looking at “V1zhe V2”5/End-sentence particles and the function of “you”The thesis considers <OLQD>’s5special linguistic phenomenon is a result of language contact.The reason of this transition is the language contact between Chinese, Mongolian, JoSeonlanguage, and theAltaic language, of those, the Mongolian language had the most influences. Thechanging mechanism can be split with2types:1. OV word order, and Word order for negativejudgment sentences belong in “reordering word sequences”; while2Post position, and syntacticalstructure belongs to “constructional replication”.更多还原