“包容性发展”与收入分配：智利案例研究

【作者】 黄乐平；

【导师】 吴国平；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 世界经济， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 “包容性发展”理念体现了经济增长和社会全面发展之间的辩证关系。它是新的发展时代向世界提出的一个新命题，对于拉美国家智利更是有着重要的意义。20世纪70~80年代智利军政府执政时期，经济取得了高速增长，但收入分配状况却严重恶化且难以改善；1990年以来智利文人政府注重改善民生，收入差距开始缩小，但目前基尼系数仍处于0.5以上的高位，收入分配问题依然是导致智利社会排斥的主要因素。因此，在经济增长的同时促进“包容性发展”，改善收入分配，是智利当前和未来发展的必由之路。本文首先综述了西方经济学理论尤其是现代发展经济学理论中关于收入分配的论述，并归纳出与之相关的三对重要关系：增长与分配、效率与公平、国家与市场。在此基础上，结合拉美国家收入分配理论的发展和历史教训，指出当前智利“包容性发展”的内涵是包容增长与分配，通过改善收入分配促进“社会凝聚”。接着通过回顾20世纪70年代以来智利的发展过程和收入分配的演变分析“包容性发展”战略的重要性并总结出影响智利收入分配的主要因素也即未来改善其的路径。最后分别从初次分配和再分配环节分析近年来智利在上述改善分配的路径中所采取的政策、成效及存在的问题。通过分析，本文得出如下结论：第一，智利军政府和文人政府对增长与分配、效率与公平、国家与市场关系的不同处理方式是导致四十年来智利收入分配先恶化后改善的主要原因。未来，智利在“包容性发展”战略下，应当继续包容增长与分配，在初次分配和再分配环节都兼顾效率与公平，国家应扮演正确的角色，积极参与对收入分配各项因素的调节。第二，影响智利收入分配的主要因素即改善其的路径有：宏观经济和经济增长、生产同质性、就业同质性、教育、税收、社会保障。其中生产和就业同质性是关键因素，初次分配是决定性环节。第三，1990年以来智利的收入分配之所以未得到明显改善，是因为在“包容性发展”的一些主要路径上许多过去形成的制度并未得到根本改变，而许多政策又未取得明显成效，还存在问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 The idea of “inclusive development” embodies the dialectical relationshipbetween economic growth and overall social development. It is a new question facedby the world in the new development era. Moreover, it is of great significance to theLatin American country, Chile. In the1970s and the1980s, under the rein of militarygovernment, the country’s economy achieved a rapid growth, but the state of incomedistribution seriously deteriorated and was hard to improve. Since1990Chile’scivilian government laid an emphasis on improving public living. As a result, theincome gap began to narrow. However, at present the Gini coefficient is still as highas above0.5, and the income distribution problem is still the major factor in Chile’ssocial exclusion. Therefore, to promote “inclusive development” along with economicgrowth and to improve income distribution is the only path to Chile’s present andfuture development.This thesis first makes a comprehensive review of Western Economics theories,especially the part about income distribution in Modern Development Economics, andsummarizes three pairs of important relationship relevant to it, i.e. growth anddistribution, efficiency and fairness, state and market. Based on this, and inconsideration of the development of income distribution theories in Latin Americancountries and the historical lessons, the thesis goes on to point out the connotation ofChile’s “inclusive development” at present is inclusive growth and distribution, whichmeans to promote social cohesion by improving income distribution. Next, the thesis,by reviewing the development and changes in Chile’s income distribution since the1970s, analyzes the strategic importance of “inclusive development” and summarizesthe major factors influencing Chile’s income distribution, which are also the path toits improvement. In the end, the thesis, from the perspective of initial distribution andsecondary distribution, analyzes the policies Chile has adopted in recent years on theabove-mentioned path to the income distribution improvement, their effect andexisting problems.Based on the analysis, the thesis reaches the following conclusions: First, thedifferent ways Chile’s military government and civilian government dealt with therelationship between growth and distribution, efficiency and fairness, and state andmarket is the main cause that has made Chile’s income distribution deteriorate first before it improves later. In future, under the strategy of inclusive development, Chileshould go on applying inclusive growth and distribution, and ensure efficiency andfairness in the phases of initial distribution and redistribution. The government shouldplay a proper role and actively take part in the regulation of the various factorsinvolved in income distribution. Second, the major factors influencing Chile’s incomedistribution, i.e. the path to its improvement, include the following: macro-economyand economic growth, production homogeneity, employment homogeneity, education,tax, and social security. Among these production and employment homogeneity is thekey factor, and initial distribution is a decisive phase. Third, Chile’s incomedistribution hasn’t seen obvious improvement since1990, which has resulted from thefact that on some of the paths to “inclusive development” no fundamental changeshave been made to the many established systems and many policies fail to achieveobvious effect, with some problems still existing.更多还原