【作者】 李云燕；

【导师】 赵万民；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 城市规划与设计， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 自人类进入聚居，就学会了利用空间进行避灾、防灾、甚至抗灾的实践。但随着城市的发展，研究分工开始细化，城市防灾减灾研究也开始深入到针对每个灾种进行较为细致的研究，而从总体上进行城市空间防灾减灾的研究则较少。城市空间是一个功能复杂的综合体，往往需要面对不同已知和未知各种类型的灾害，且各种灾害所需要的防灾控制要求各不相同。这就使得城市防灾减灾工作往往都是“头痛医头，脚痛医脚”，哪里出现灾害就往哪里补救，缺乏利用整体城市空间主动来防灾减灾的研究。山地城市是灾害多发地区，其灾害的形成不仅是城市空间本身的问题，还牵涉到城市所处的宏观环境，以及城市表现出的空间形态。论文以复杂系统研究为主要方法，问题导向为研究思路，对山地城市主要灾害类型进行剖析，发现各类灾害过程对城市的影响在于宏观破坏生态环境，中观破坏城市结构形态、微观破坏城市空间要素。基于此，论文探讨了宏观城市外部环境、中观城市结构形态、微观城市（内部）空间构成与城市灾害形成、发展以及衰减全过程的作用机制规律，并试图通过对这些规律的认识，建立起提高城市空间适灾能力的方法体系。论文研究遵循“提出问题—剖析问题—理论建构—机制探析—规划干预”的技术路线。通过对城市外部环境、城市（内部）空间构成、城市结构形态在灾害发展过程中的作用机制研究，初步建立起城市外部环境、城市空间及城市形态与灾害形成、发展和衰减之间的关联作用模型；并通过对前三者的规划调适，改变灾害在3个阶段的不同输出状态（灾害形成阶段，通过调适相关空间要素阻止灾害的发生；灾害发展阶段，通过控制相关空间要素限制灾害的扩大；灾害衰减阶段，则通过改变相关空间要素促进灾害的快速衰减），以达到通过调控城市空间构成要素来控制灾害的目的，提高城市空间对于灾害的适应能力和承载能力。（一）、在对西南山地城市灾害与城市空间作用规律认识的基础上，建立了从城市外部环境、城市（内部）空间、空间形态等方面综合进行主动防灾减灾的思路，提出城市空间适灾的理念，把城市空间对于灾害的“防御”进一步扩展到城市空间对于灾害的“适应”，并系统阐述空间适灾理念的构成、与相关概念的区别、空间适灾的作用机制及其优势。城市灾害的发生不可能根本杜绝，相反各种城市灾害的突发性和随机性使得城市防不胜防。因此，城市在尽量预防灾害发生的同时，也要提高城市空间对于灾害的适应能力和承载能力。这种适应能力主要表现为提高城市空间的弹性，即既可防灾又可容灾，具有较好的防救能力，还可以在灾害过后支撑恢复重建，减少城市遭受的损失（论文1-3章）。（二）、详细分析了城市空间构成要素与灾害过程的关系，对各个关键要素在城市空间防灾减灾中的作用进行了分析。从总体认识层面，可概括为城市所处的大环境即城市外部环境、城市本身的空间构成和城市空间结构形态3个方面。论文4-6章分别对涉及这3个方面的因子进行了详细的研究，对其在灾害过程中所起到的作用进行了分析。其中第4章分析了城市外部环境的适灾作用，其适灾特征表现为外部空间环境的整体性、可容纳性和生态性。第5章分析了城市（内部）空间适灾构成要素，分别从城市空间适灾的功能系统、骨架系统、实体系统、支撑系统和引导系统进行研究，并探讨各空间系统要素的适灾机制。第6章分析了城市空间适灾的形态特征，研究发现了西南山地城市空间形态与环境相适应的多组团特征；西南山地城市的有机分散与紧凑集中特征；西南山地城市的道路交通引导空间形态发展特征；以及西南山地城市空间形态自组织特征。这些特征是影响城市空间适灾作用的重要因素（论文4-6章）。（三）、从城市外部环境、城市空间、城市形态3个方面探讨了城市空间适灾的影响要素，建立起城市外部环境、城市（内部）空间、城市形态与灾害形成、发展和衰减之间的关联作用模型，并分析该模型在灾害形成-发展-衰减3个阶段输入与输出因子系统的变化规律，提出了3个阶段的规划干预策略：灾前干预、灾中控制、灾后重构。以期通过对规划因子要素的调节，发挥城市空间在灾害过程不同阶段对灾害系统的调控作用，达到控制灾害发生、或减轻灾害破坏、或促进灾害衰减的作用，提高城市空间对于灾害的干预能力。（四）、最后基于各空间因子要素的研究分析，及模型的推演功能，提出了西南山地城市空间适灾的理想模式。论文研究试图探讨山地城市防灾减灾的突破点，以期为西南地区城市防灾减灾工作提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since human lived in a compact community, they have learned to take theadvantages of space to carry on the practice of avoiding, preventing and even fightingagainst the disasters. However, with the development of the city, the division of work inresearch begins to be refined and the research on urban disaster prevention andreduction begins to get deep into the detailed study on each kind of disaster, but theresearch on urban disaster prevention and reduction as a whole is not too many. Theurban space is a complex with complicated functions, and often needs to face differentknown and unknown disasters, which need different disaster prevention and controlrequirements. Therefore, urban disaster prevention and reduction is often in an approachof “find-it and fix-it”. It just remedies the place where appears the disaster and there isfew research on initiative disaster prevention and reduction by using the whole urbanspace.The formation of mountain city disaster not only is the matter of urban space itself,but also involves the macro environment and structural form of the city. This paperadopts complex system research as the main method and problem oriented researchthought, which analyzing the mountainous city’s main type of disaster and finding theaffect of the course of various types of disasters on urban space that is macro-destruction ecological environment, meso-damage city morphology, microscopicdamage the space. Based on this analyzing, this paper discusses the law between themacroeconomic environment outside the city, meso-level urban morphology,microscopic city (internal) space and the whole process of urban disasters formation，development and death，and trying to understand these laws，in order to establish aappropriate methodology how to improve the capabilities of urban spaces adapt todisaster.The study follows the technical route of “raise a question—problemanalysis—theory construction—law analysis—mode construction—planningintervention”. Through the study of mechanism of action of the external environment，(internal) space composition and structural form of the city in the disaster developmentprocess, it preliminarily establishes a correlation model between the externalenvironment, space, form of the city and the formation, development, perish of disaster;and through the planning adjustment of the former three, it changes the different output states in the3stages(in disaster formation stage, it prevents the disaster happening byadjusting the relevant factors; in disaster development stage, it limits the expansion ofthe disaster by adjusting; in disaster perish stage, it accelerates the perish of the disasterby adjusting the relevant factors), in order to achieve the ability of controlling disasterby adjusting the urban space elements, and improve the adaptive and bearing capacityof the urban space against disasters. The main research contents are as follow:Firstly, Based on the understanding of the role of law between urban space and urban disasterinSouthwest Mountain,it sets up a thought of using the urban external environment, urbanspace distribution and space shape composition to prevent and reduce disasters initially,and puts forward the concept of urban space adaptation to the disaster so as to furtherextend the “defense” of urban space against the disaster to the “adaptation” of urbanspace to the disaster. And it systematically states the differences between the formationof the concept of space adaptation to the disaster and other relevant concepts, themechanism of action of space adaptation to the disaster and its advantages comparedwith the disaster prevention and reduction of urban space. It is impossible to eradicatethe happening of urban disasters, and on the contrary, it is impossible to takeprecautions against urban disasters due to its sudden and randomness. Thus, the citytries its best to prevent the happening of the disaster, and meanwhile it should improvethe adaptive and bearing capacity of the urban space against disasters. This adaptationmainly shows in improving the elasticity of urban space, that is to say, it not only canprevent but also can endure the disaster. It also has better prevention abilities, quicklyrecovers after the disaster and reduces the loss of the city (in Chapter1-3of the paper).Secondly, it analyzes the key factors that affect urban space adaptation to thedisaster in details and discusses their roles in urban space disaster prevention andreduction. It classifies the factors that affect urban space, and generally they can bedivided into three aspects, that is, the external environment, space composition andstructural form of the city. In Chapter4-6of the paper, it respectively discusses the threefactors involved in details, and analyzes their roles in urban space disaster preventionand reduction. In Chapter4, it discusses the adaptation role of urban externalenvironment, and the adaptation shows in the integrity, inclusive and ecology of theexternal space environment. In Chapter5, it discusses the elements of urban internalspace adaptation, and it studies the functional system, skeletal system, physical system,supporting system and guiding system of the urban space adaptation and explores theadaptation mechanism of the elements of each space system. In Chapter6, it discusses the morphological features of urban space adaptation against disaster, and it finds outthe multiple groups feature of the adaptation between the southwest mountain urbanspace form and the environment; the organic decentralization and compactconcentration feature of the southwest mountain city; the feature of road traffic guidingthe development of space form in southwest mountain city; and the self-organizingfeature of southwest mountain urban space form. These features are the importantfactors which affect urban space adaptation to the disaster (in Chapter4-6of the paper).Thirdly, it analyzes the three aspects that affect urban space adaptation to thedisaster, the external environment, space and form of the city, and establishes acorrelation model between the external environment, space, structure of the city and theformation, development and perish of disaster (based on the space adaptation systemblack-box conceptual model of CAS). It also analyzes the changing rules of eachelement system of space adaptation conceptual model in the three stages of disasterformation-development-perish and puts forward the planning intervention strategies inthe three stages: intervention before the disaster, control in the disaster, andreconstruction after the disaster. Through the adjustment of the planning factors, ithopes the urban space can play the role of regulation and control against the disastersystem in different stages of the disaster so as to control the happening, reduce thedamage or accelerate the perish of the disaster, and improve the intervention capabilityof urban space against disasters in order to establish the urban space adaptation method.Fourthly, at last, based on the analysis of each elements and the inference functionof the model, it puts forward the ideal mode of southwest mountain urban spaceadaptation against disasters, that is, the trend of organization, intensification andecologicalization.The study of this paper finds out an entry point for disaster prevention andreduction in mountainous cities, and it also provides a reference for urban safetyconstruction in southwestern region.更多还原