【作者】 惠红军；

【导师】 蒋宗福；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 量词是汉语的语法特色之一，也是汉藏语系的语法特色之一。汉语使用者在习得和运用量词时遵循什么样的认知规律，是目前量词研究的重点和难点。解决这一问题，对汉语本体研究，汉语本体教学以及对外汉语教学都具有重大的理论和现实意义。本文共有七部分：绪论部分，通过汉语量词的研究现状评述，发现对量词用法的产生、量词结构的类型和功能变化、量词词类成员的消长以及量词习得的系统研究还有明显不足。因此，本文综合借鉴认知语言学理论、系统功能语言学理论以及针对人工智能所创建的概念层次网络（HNC）理论，以通史性研究与应用性研究相结合，本体性研究与应用性研究相结合，以及定量研究与定性研究相结合的方法，选取了一百二十多个量词，从认知和功能的角度把它们分为实体型、结构型和形状型三类，系统考察它们的各种系统性差异及其动因，考察量词、名词、动词等所形成的概念网络层次，探讨量词与名词、动词的深层搭配规律。第一部分和第二部分都是对汉语名量词历时搭配的研究。考察分为三个方面。一，名量词与名词的称量关系是在重构的认知场景中，在认知目的的干涉下，使名量词的原形式产生指称转喻，指称了一种量的概念形式。其中涉及三种类型的转喻：实体转喻、形状转喻、结构转喻。它们分别对应名量词的三种次类：实体型、形状型和结构型。二，名量词原形式通过转喻机制与名词建立称量关系后，在隐喻机制作用下，投射映射把名量词原形式中所蕴涵的空间量映射为其修饰名词的物体量。但名量词仅涉及量的表达形式，具体的量则是通过数词来表达的。三，名量词称量对象的增加和减少都受范畴与范畴之间的联想关系的制约。第三部分是对名量词结构的多角度分析。首先，把现代汉语的名量词结构分为自足结构与非自足结构两种类型，并对其历史演变进行分析。分析表明，名量词自足结构松散化的程度不及非自足结构松散化的程度高，其中原因可能是受到名词结构类型演变和动补结构发展的共同制约。其次，借助语法等级的概念来考察名量词充当各种句法成份的等级变化。考察发现，名量词结构功能由最初的主要充当谓语演变为充当定语。最后是对其语用功能的分析。考察表明，自足结构和非自足结构在充当话题和信息焦点方面都有不同表现。第四部分是对动量词的历时搭配进行分析考察。首先以现代汉语动量词现象为着眼点，厘清其历史发展线索。在此基础上，对这些动量词称量用法的产生和发展过程中所涉及的转喻和隐喻机制进行分析。采用分析名量词的方法，从三个方面进行。动量词与动词的称量关系依靠的是实体型转喻机制；动量词对动量的表达依靠的是基于相关性的投射映射；而动量词称量对象的发展变化，则是基于范畴与范畴之间的联想关系的制约。第五部分对动量结构进行研究。采用考察名量词的方法和角度，分析了动量词自足结构与非自足结构的演变情况，发现这两种结构松散化程度基本相当。但二者的语用表现明显不同，动量词自足结构的构式意义在于表达对动作的量的描写和判断，动量词是句子的焦点信息；动量词非自足结构的构式意义则在于对动作完成的整个状态进行描写，动量词不是句子的焦点信息。对动量句法功能的语法等级的考察表明，动量词的优势语法等级基本没有变化，都是充当补语和状语。第六部分是对量词的应用研究。通过对量词范畴成员消长替换现象的研究，我们发现，各个时代的典型量词都处于那个时代概念网络层次的基本范畴层次，非典型量词则都处于非基本范畴层次。受量词修饰的名词、动词也具有这样的概念特征。受人类不断变化的范畴化认知的影响，量词范畴各成员所处的概念网络层次也在不断发生变化。这种变化正是量词词类成员兴替的深层原因，也是量词成员非范畴化的一种重要原因。这种概念网络层次结构同时也反映出量词的词类特征，影响着量词的超常搭配，并使汉语量词的习得表现为一种整体习得模式。由此，我们得出一个关于量词习得的函数关系，并进行了实验性应用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Measure-word is one characteristic of Chinese and Sino-Tibetan. Whatcognitive law should be followed when one is to acquire and apply measure-word isan important and difficult point. To solve these problems is of great theroical andpractical significance for studying Chinese, teaching in Chinese and teachingChinese for overseas students.The paper contains seven parts in all.Introduction: Through reviewing the literature on Chinese measure-word, wefind that the systemic research in the generation mechanism of measure-word, theevolution of structure type and function of measure-word, the substitute ofmeasure-word family and the acquisition of measure-word is still not enough.Therefore, based on the cognitive linguistic theory, system-function linguisticstheory and Hierarchical Network of Concepts (HNC) built for manualintelligence，combining of general history research and application research,Chinese research and application, quantitative and qualitative research respectively,the paper selects over120measure words, which are sorted into3types according tothe characteristics of cognition and function. The paper studies the systemicdiscrepancy of the selected measure words and its reasons, and the concepthierarchical network developed by measure words, nouns verbs as well, and thematch laws of the measure words, nouns and verbs are also studied here.Part one and part two both include the diachronic match of Chinesenoun-measure-word and nouns from three aspects. Firstly, in a reconstructedcognition context, the function using measure words to measure nouns results from the metonymy of measure-words prototype, which is interfered by cognitive motives.Metonymy is composed of substantiality metonymy, figure metonymy, and structuremetonymy, which create substantiality measure-word, figure measure-word, andstructure measure-word respectively. Secondly, after measuring nouns, the extensityquantities of measure-words prototype map the object quantities of nouns. Butmeasure-words prototypes just metonymy the expression mode of substantivequantity, which is exactly express by numeral. Thirdly, the substitution ofnoun-measure-word is restricted by the association relationship between differentcategories.Part three includes the multidimensional study of noun-measure-word structure.The paper classes noun-measure-word structure into self-sufficiency structure andnonself-sufficiency structure and analyze its diachronic change. The analysis showsthat the relaxedlization degree of noun-measure-word is less than nonself-sufficiency,which may be restricted by both the structure change of nouns and theverb-complement structure development. In addition, to study the grammar hierarchychanges of noun-measure-word acting as various grammar components by adoptinggrammar hierarchy theory. The result finds that the structures and functions ofnoun-measure-word have changed from its preliminary predicate to attribute. Finally,the paper makes an analysis of the pragmatics function. It shows that self-sufficiencystructure and nonself-sufficiency one are different in topics and information focuses.Part four contains the research on diachronic match of verb-measure-word. Tobegin with, based on the perspective of the modern Chinese verb-measure-wordphenomena, the paper made its track of diachronic change clear. Based on it, thepaper explores the metonymy and metaphor mechanism during the generation anddevelopment of verb-measure-word by taking the analysis methods ofnoun-measure-word from three sides. The function using verb-measure-words tomeasure verbs depends on the substantial metonymy mechanism. Usingverd-measure-word to measure the quantities of verbs rely on projection mappingsthat are based on the relativities between categories. Moreover, the substitution of verb-measure-word is based on the restrictions of the association relationshipbetween different categories.Part five includes the study of verb-measure-word structure. Taking the sameway mentioned in part three. The paper analyzes the diachronic change ofverb-measure-word self-sufficiency structure and nonself-sufficiency structure. Theanalysis shows that the relaxedlization degree of verb-measure-word self-sufficiencystructure and nonself-sufficiency are almost at the same level. But they are deferentin pragmatic function. The construction meaning of verb-measure-wordself-sufficiency structure lies in portraying and judging of action quantities, andverb-measure-word is the focus information. The construction meaning ofverb-measure-word nonself-sufficiency structure lies in the describing of completedaction as a whole, and verb-measure-word is not the focus information. The analysisshows that verb-measure-word advantage grammatical hierarchy is complement andadverb.Part six contains applied research on measure word. Through analysises ofdiachronic substitution of different measure words, we find that the typical measurewords in different times belong to the basic category of that time. On the contrary,the non-typical measure words in deferent times belong to the non-basic category ofthat time. Nouns and verbs modified by measure words have the same traits. Underthe influences of changing categorilization, concept-net-hierarchy is also changing,which is one of the underlying reasons of the substitution of measure word family.This concept-net-hierarchy structure also reflects the category attributes of measurewords, and creates unusual match of measure words, and results in the macrocosmacquisition mode of Chinese measure word. So, we build up a function of Chinesemeasure word acquisition, and test it.更多还原