【作者】 彭志才；

【导师】 王菱菱； 刘秋根；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 中国古代史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 契约文书是反映民间社会生活的重要文献，是官修“正史”之外珍贵的“民间正史”。江西省博物馆馆藏契约文书依据馆藏文物“一物一号”的登录原则进行统计，共1442件（套）（其中含天主教堂契约照片72件），计实数为2032件。这一批契约文书，分布在全省的10个地市的30个县（区），尤其以南昌、赣州、抚州、上饶和宜春等地最为集中，跨越了从清雍正元年（1723）至公元1964年的241年，内容涉及土地关系与财产、赋役、商业、宗族、会社和社会关系等诸多方面，尤其以土地和赋役文书数量最多。这批契约文书具有存世数量较大、文书种类齐全、归户性强、内涵丰富、地域特色明显等特点，能够真实、细致地体现江西的地域特色和历史特点，具有重要的研究价值。江西地区土地契约的交易产业有民田、水田、地、园地、山、坟地等。在这些不同类型的产业中，交易对象不仅包括一般意义上的民田、粮田，还包含了与土地相关的各种附属权利和附属物。江西地区土地交易，可以分为交易的前期准备事项、现场踏看、签订议字与预付定金、立契与付款、买主管业与过割纳税五个程序，反映了江西地区特有的土地流转民俗。在明清时期土地出现“皮骨分离”的背景下，江西地区的地权流转方式主要是租佃、买卖、典押，同时也有债务准折、兑换与逊让、归并等其他方式。在土地流转的过程中，不可避免地出现了官方与民间在赋税推收方面的矛盾，也因此产生了“收除同票”、“私除同字”、“赣县有粮契式”和“赣县房产契式”等带有地方特色的赋税推收文书样式，反映出清末地方政府运用法律手段、强化行政管理职能的凸显，显示出近代社会的新特点。清雍正至乾隆年间广昌县的乡村地主张殿酬，从雍正元年（1723）至乾隆四十八年（1783），在长达六十一年间，他承受（买、典、租、退、佃）田、土、山、房、基地等活动一共60次，其交易的空间范围主要集中在其居住地广昌县金砂里及其附近地区，而且这些交易，有32次集中于其家族内部。张殿酬一直生活在依山傍水，农耕稼穑，独居一隅却又与外界藕断丝连的环境中，他作为18世纪的中国农村乡村地主，在其数十年的经营当中，逐渐发家致富，积累起可观的家产。张殿酬的人生经历，其实也是中国传统社会的一个缩影。江西省博物馆藏的房产契约可以分成乡村房产契约和城镇店宅房契两种类型。乡村房产往往与农业生产、日常生活紧密相连，在交易的时候，注重房产的附属权利和产业使用的便利程度。城镇房产从侧面反映出城镇商贸活动繁荣程度，显示出商业市镇（如南昌县的谢埠街、广福墟）、区域中心城市（如赣州）和商业都会（如南昌）的不同经济地位、城市格局、产业种类、家族兴衰等丰富内容。南昌地区天主教堂房产契约数量虽然不多，却是近代社会中国各种社会矛盾的集中体现，具有重要的研究价值。契约文书中的会社组织包括经济类会社、公益类会社、宗教类会社和宗族类会社四大类型。九江水事合约是民间公益类会社的代表，透露出传统社会通过民间组织自我管理、自我调适机制。围绕葛仙信仰出现的葛仙会等宗教类会社组织，在土地、房产的置买、管理过程中实现了会社与信众的良性互动。宗族作为最大的民间组织，几乎将所有的社会成员囊括其中。宗族势力在契约文书的签订过程中发挥着或显或隐的作用，形成宗族与个人的相互渗透、互为表里的社会生活格局。契约文书是深入进行社会经济史研究的最为翔实而又鲜活的资料。江西省博物馆藏的这一批文书，是目前所见批量最大的江西地区契约，其丰富内涵与价值有待于继续深入挖掘。更多还原

【Abstract】 Contract is the important literature which reflects the life of civil society. Apartfrom the "official history", it’s the precious "folk history". The contract documents inJiangxi Museum, with a total of1442pieces(sets)，which contains72pieces ofcontract photos of the Catholic church，with the actual number to2032. This batch ofcontract documents, distributed within10cities in the whole province of30counties(districts)， especially has the largest number in Nanchang, Ganzhou, Fuzhou,Shangrao and Yichun, span from the1st year (1736) of the reign of the YongzhengEmperor in241to1964AD. The content involves many aspects, such as therelationship between land and property, taxes and corvee,business, clan，civilorganizations and social relations, etc. Especially a large quantity of land and property,taxes and corvee contracts. These Contract Documents are larger in number, variousin type, rich in content, distinctive in geographical features and have a powerful senseof belonging. It can reflect the regional characteristics and historical characteristics ofJiangxi truly and in detail, which has important research value.The land transactions in Jiangxi area’s mainly include private lands, paddy,upland, garden plot, mountain, graveyard, etc. Transaction objects include not onlyland, but also contain a variety of land-related ancillary rights and appurtenances. Theland transaction procedures in Jiangxi area including preparation, on-site investigation,signed the letter of intent and the down payment, the formal signing of the contractand payment, the new owners’ management industry, transfer tax liability and paying,etc. All these reflect the unique customs of the land transfer in Jiangxi region. Underthe background of the separation of ownership and use rights in Ming and QingDynasties, in Jiangxi area, land transfer mode mainly includes tenancy, business dealings and pawn. At the same time, there also has other land transfer mode, such asIssuing assets to pay a debt, exchange, merge and so on. In the land transfer process,the emerge of the contradiction between official and folk in the tax aspects isinevitable, and therefore "The official tax acceptance and exemption certificate"，"Civil tax transfer certificate"、"Gan County grain Tax format contract" and "GanCounty real estate format contract " and other documents with the local characteristicsappeared. These contracts reflect the local government strengthens the administrativemanagement function by lawn and reveal the new characteristics of modern society.In Qing Emperor Yongzheng and Qianlong period, the rural landowner ZhangDianchou live in Guangchang County, from the Yongzheng reign (1723) to forty-eightyears of Qianlong (1783), during the sixty-years, he was engaged in（buy, pawn, rent,return, tenancy） private lands, paddy, mountains, housing, base and other activities ata total of60times. It’s trading mainly in the place of his residence Guangchang,Jinshali and in its vicinity. In these transactions,32times focused on his family. Hehad been living in the yard, engaging in farming, living isolated but keeping contactwith the outside world. As an18th-century rural landowners in rural China, in decadesof hard work, he built up family fortunes gradually and amassed considerable property.Zhang Dianchou’s life experience was actually a microcosm of traditional Chinesesociety.The house property contract of Jiangxi Provincial Museum collected can bedivided into rural housing contract and Town housing contract. Rural propert ies areoften closely linked with agricultural production and daily life. In the transaction, layspecial stress on real estate subsidiary rights and industrial use convenience. Townhousing contract from the side aspect reflects the prosperity of the town-commerceactivity level, shows the different economic status, city pattern, industry types, riseand fall of the family in different place, take commercial town(such as NanchangCounty Xiebujie, Guangfuxu), the regional center city (such as Ganzhou) andcommercial city (such as Nanchang) for example. Although the number of the Catholic Church property contract in Nanchang area is not many, but it’s theconcentrate embodiment of the social contradictions in the modern society of China, ithas important research value.Non-governmental organizations in the contract documents include economicorganization, public interest groups, religious organizations and clan organization.Jiujiang Water Conservancy cooperation contract is the representation of folk publicwelfare organizations, revealed the traditional society self-management andself-adjustment through non-governmental organizations. The religious beliefs ofShangrao Gexian Temple and its interaction with civil society appeared in the land,real estate purchase, management process and achieved a positive interaction betweenthe organizations and the faithful. Clan was the largest civil organizations, it almostincluding all members of the society. Clan forces played an implicit or explicit role inthe process of signing the contract documents interacted the clans and individuals,formed the social life pattern.Contract is the most detailed and vivid information for the deep research ofsocio-economic history. The contract documents collected by Jiangxi Pro vincialMuseum is the largest number in Jiangxi area currently, its rich connotation and valueworth for further study.Contract is the most detailed and vivid information for the deep research ofsocio-economic history. The contract documents collected b y Jiangxi ProvincialMuseum is the largest number in Jiangxi area currently, its rich connotation and valueworth for further study.更多还原