【作者】 李胜梅；

【导师】 郭伏良；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 本文思考的问题是，本体和喻体之间通过什么样的词语形式联系起来，这些词语有什么特点。修辞学一般用“比喻词”称之。但词汇学的“比喻词”（指通过比喻的方式构成的词，一般是复合词，如“龙眼、木耳”）与之同形异义。为了避免歧义，也为了突出这些词语的本质特点，我们提出“比喻关系词”这一说法，希望能使所指范围更明确、表达更准确。现有的研究，有的是举例说明，有的是顺带说及，未见系统阐述。比喻关系词语有哪些具体成员和类型？本文通过多角度分类来梳理具体成员并揭示各成员的特点。1.从含有“表示比喻关系”这一义项的词语的常用程度看，有的词使用频率高，有的词使用频率低。2.从比喻关系词的义项构成看，有单义词和多义词之分，由此可分为“专职比喻词”（是单义词）和“兼职比喻词”（是多义词）。“如同”“犹如”等只表示比喻关系，是单义词，是“专职比喻关系词”。而多数比喻关系词有多个义项和用法，是多义词，既可以表示比喻关系，也可以表示其他含义，是“兼职比喻词”，例如“像”既可以表示比喻关系，也可以表示比较、推测、举例等含义。3.作为多义词，从“表示比喻关系”这一义项的相对常用程度看，以表示比喻关系为其主要含义和常见用法的，是典型比喻词，反之则为非典型比喻词。4.从表达比喻关系的固定性与临时性来看，有固定成员和临时成员之分。如“像”“是”等是固定成员，而“想象成”“联想到”等是临时成员。5.从比喻关系词的语法性质看，有如下几类：动词、比况助词、表示比喻关系的框式结构。6.比喻关系词的语体适应性，表现出不同的类型，与语体的次范畴相对应。在阐述现代汉语比喻关系词这个词义类聚共同特点的基础上，本文重点探讨其中的动词，分析比喻关系动词的词汇意义及与之相应的句法功能、修辞功能、篇章功能、语用功能。选择“比喻”“仿佛”“属”“呈”这四个比喻关系动词做专题，一方面因为现有研究中未见专题探讨，另一方面我们发现，通过这几个词还能看到其他比喻关系词语所共同具有的一些特点，如比喻词的多义性与相应的词典释义处理、“比喻同义词群”的元语言用法、比喻句式的多义性、比喻词的对外汉语教学策略、比喻词的语体特征和文体分布等。全文从三个方面展开逻辑框架。1.理论思考。包括四章：（1）绪论；（2）现代汉语比喻关系词的个例梳理和类型划分；（3）比喻关系词的比喻强度；（4）比喻关系词与比喻标记及比喻施为。2.专题分析。包括四章：（1）比喻关系词“比喻”，兼论“比喻”同义词群的元语言用法；（2）比喻关系词“仿佛”，兼论比喻关系词的多义性；（3）比喻关系词“属”，兼论比喻构式的多义性；（4）比喻关系词“呈”，兼论比喻关系词的语体特征。3.应用研究。重点探讨了两个问题：面向对外汉语教学的比喻关系词研究——以“仿佛”和“比喻”为例；比喻关系词的义项及词典释义，各章均有相关讨论。努力做到理论突破：一是努力寻找并运用所适合的有效理论工具，如词汇语义学理论、释义元语言理论、“词汇语义—句法结构”接口理论、语篇分析理论、修辞结构分析、配价理论、词价理论的运用。二是研究对象的理论性规律的新发现。主要创新点体现在如下几方面：1.“比喻关系词”（及“比喻关系语”“比喻关系词语”等）的提出，富有创新意义：（1）可以统一解释以前“散落”在修辞学、词汇学、句法学等不同视角下的那些语言现象和言语现象。对现代汉语中表示比喻关系的词语，给予理论关照，在现代汉语词汇系统中确立这一词义类聚，在词汇语义系统中确立这一类词语的词价和理论地位，在句法层面确立这一类词语与关系动词和比拟助词等之间的联系，在修辞层面确立这一类词语的修辞地位。（2）有利于发现新的语言事实。（3）还有一定的理论沟通作用，将词汇学、词汇语义学、语法学、修辞学在这一问题上沟通起来。2.视角新。语篇视角下的词汇语义学研究和句式语义类型研究，有助于发现新的现象和规律，并对其加以解释。比如，我们发现“打个比方说”等短语具有篇章连接成分性质；篇章中的“比喻言语块”的提出和描写，可以较好地解释比喻关系词的篇章特点。3.思路新。词汇语义学、句法学、修辞学的充分结合，有利于通过分析并描写比喻关系词的义项进而深入探讨与之相应的句式语义，揭示所构比喻句式的修辞结构、篇章特点、语体特征等。4.结论新。（1）对比喻关系词进行了多角度分类。（2）提出并描写了比喻关系词的元语言用法。（3）提出并描写了“比喻标记”和篇章中的“比喻言语块”。（4）阐述了比喻关系词在比喻强度上的四个层次。（5）将“比喻同义词群”看作“比喻词”中的一个特殊的下位小类，发现了一些有价值的现象和规律。（6）对多义词“呈”的义项进行分解，解析出可以表示比喻关系这一词义和用法，对相应的表比喻的“呈”字句进行了较为全面的描写。（7）以“呈”和“像”的语体特征和语体受限情况为例，细化了比喻关系词次范畴与语体次范畴之间的适应性，而不是将比喻和语体看作一个内部没有差异的共同体，避免了泛泛而谈。（8）对“属”字比喻句进行全面考察，论述了比喻关系词的语义特征和句法功能对比喻构式的具体影响。（9）从比喻关系动词的论元数及相应语义成分是否入句这个角度，考察二元动词和三元动词的不同，发现一般的二元比喻关系动词所构成的句子，体现的是命题功能，而三元比喻关系动词（如“称”）体现的是言谈功能，更加突出表达的主观成分。这个角度还启发我们观察到“设喻者+言说动词+本体+表示比喻关系的动词+喻体”这一句式的语义结构、句法结构、修辞结构的独特价值。上述观点，现有文献未见专题探讨。在理论创新的同时努力实现其应用价值，比如相关结论可以为对外汉语教学、词典编纂词典释义、中小学语文教学、比喻实践等提供富有新意和深度的参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Issues and Objectives Through what kind of words and expressions is thetenor connected with the vehicle？What are the characteristics of them？Thisdissertation aims at answering the foregoing questions. Such words and expressions arecommonly referred to as “metaphorical words” in rhetoric while in lexicology thisexpression has a different meaning. In order to remove ambiguity and determine theessential characteristics of these words, the concept of “metaphorical relatives” isintroduced herein in the hope of narrowing down the scope of discussion in question andbetter defining its implication.Since “metaphorical relatives”, as a coinage for the purpose of this dissertation, hasnot been specifically elaborated in the existent studies, it is necessary in the first place todefine what can be included and named by this term. Accordingly, distinctions of theirmembers and features are made in a multidimensional way. Firstly, it is discovered thatsome metaphorical relatives are normally used more frequently than others, so thefrequency of use can be used as an indicator. Secondly, metaphorical relatives can bedivided into pure and partial ones in semantic terms：pure metaphorical relatives aremonosemes while partial ones are polysemes. For example,“rutong”(如同)and“youru”(犹如)are monosemes and imply metaphorical relations only. Therefore, theyare regarded as pure metaphorical relatives. However, most metaphorical relatives arepolysemes and can be defined and used by more than one meaning. As a result, they areregarded as partial metaphorical relatives. For example, the word “xiang”(像)canexpress metaphorical relation, but can also express comparative and speculativerelations. Thirdly, as polysemes, metaphorical relatives can be further divided intotypical and atypical ones. Fourthly, the stability of metaphorical relation can make adistinction between stable and temporary members of metaphorical relatives:“xiang”(像)and “shi”(是)are stable members while “xiangxiangcheng”(想象成)and “lianxiangdao”(联想到)are temporary ones. Syntactically, metaphorical relatives canbe divided into verbs, metaphorical auxiliaries, and metaphorical frame constructions,etc. Lastly, metaphorical relatives also differ in their adaptability to styles: theirindividual adaptability is quite corresponding to the sub-categories of styles.Approaches and Structure Based on the findings from the foregoingdiscussion of the common features of metaphorical relatives in modern Chinese, thisdissertation mainly explores the verbal metaphorical relatives; especially their semanticmeanings and their related syntactic, rhetoric, contextual and pragmatic functions.Since this research is thematic in nature, four metaphoric relative verbs are selected asobjects of extensive analysis, that is,“biyu”(比喻),“fangfu”(仿佛),“cheng”(呈),and“shu”(属). The rationale is in that on the one hand, there has been no similar researchbeing reported yet; on the other hand, the common features of other metaphoricalrelatives can be listed through analyzing some aspects of the fours above-mentionedwords, such as the polysemy of metaphorical words and the corresponding treatments indictionary definitions, metalinguistic usage of “metaphorical and synonymous wordsgroup”, polysemy of metaphorical sentences, metaphorical words in the strategy ofteaching Chinese as a foreign language, the stylistic features and distributions ofmetaphorical words, etc.Logically, this dissertation covers three parts. Part1. Theoretical background,including1) Introduction,2) Cases and classification of metaphorical relatives inmodern Chinese,3) metaphorical intensity of metaphorical relatives,4) Relationshipamong metaphorical relatives, metaphorical markers and metaphorical acts. Part2.Cases for analysis in depth, which also including four chapters:1) On “Biyu”, discussingthe meta-language usage of metaphoric groups of synonyms,2) On “Fangfu”,investigating the polysemy of metaphorical relatives,3) On “Shu”, analyzing polysemyof metaphorical construction,4) On “Cheng”, exploring stylistic features ofmetaphorical relatives. Part3. concerns applied research. It focuses on studies ofmetaphorical relatives as are approached in teaching Chinese as a foreign language; “fangfu”(仿佛)and “biyu”(比喻)will be analyzed in particular.Findings and Conclusion Two theoretical breakthroughs are expected tomake in this research:1. Introducing and applying effective theoretical tools such aslexical semantics, explanatory meta-language theory, interface theory of lexicalsemantic-syntactic structure, discourse analysis, rhetoric structure analysis, and valencytheory;2. Developing theoretical rules for the object of this research.The following aspects are regarded as innovative of this research. The first one isthe introduction and use of the concept of “metaphorical relatives”. This concept canuniformly explain those langue and parole phenomena from perspectives appearingseparately from rhetoric, lexicology and syntax. It is meaningful to treat theoretically thephenomena of metaphorical relatives in modern Chinese, to establish its word categoryin lexical-semantic system and the theoretical statue in question, to establishsyntactically the relationship between metaphorical relatives and relative verbs,analogical particles, etc., and to establish metaphorical relatives in rhetoric dimension.Such effort is conducive to discovery of new language facts and to theoretical integrationof concerned issues from lexicology, lexical-semantics, syntactic and rhetoric.It is also significant that this exploring this issue through lexical-semantic andsyntactic semantic research in pragmatic perspective will throw new light on ourunderstanding of language phenomena and rules. For example, it is found that a phrasesuch as “dagebifangshuo”(打个比方说) has the property of discourse connective; as aresult, the presentation and description of “metaphorical speech block” can contributeto the explanations of textual features of the metaphorical relatives. Accordingly, it canbe seen that a wide-covering integration of lexical-semantic, syntactic, and rhetoricconstituents is conducive to the analysis and description of the semantic items frommetaphoric relatives, and further exploring the related syntactic meaning andrevealing the rhetoric construction, textual and stylistic features of the metaphoricalsentences so constructed.It is concluded that findings are obtained in the following aspects:1. A multi-dimensional analysis of metaphorical relatives;2. Presentation and description ofmeta-language usage of metaphorical relatives;3Presentation and description ofmetaphorical markers, especially that of metaphorical speech blocks;4. Indication ofthe four levels of metaphorical intensity from metaphorical relatives;5. The treatment ofmetaphorical synonyms as a special subcategory of metaphorical words, and thediscovery of some significant phenomena and rules;6. Separation of the metaphoricalmeaning and function from the polysemoy “cheng”(呈)and comprehensive descriptionof the sentences related to it;7. Specification of the compatibility between individualmetaphorical relatives and styles, especially that arising from “cheng”(呈)and“xiang”(像)；8. Acomprehensive examination of sentences introduced by “shu”(属)andspecifications of the effect from the semantic feature and syntactic function ofmetaphorical words on metaphorical constructions;9. Examination of the differencebetween binary and ternary metaphorical relatives in terms of the number ofmetaphorical verbs and the presence of the related meaning in sentences, which lead tothe discovery that generally, sentences introduced by binary metaphorical verbs realizethe propositional functions while that introduced by ternary ones such as “cheng”(称)realize discourse function especially that implicated by subjective elements. Based onthese findings, it is further observed that there is unique significance in the sentencepattern “metaphor maker+speech act verb+the tenor+the verb of metaphoricalrelatives+the vehicle” in terms of semantic constituents, and semantic, syntactic andstylistic constructions.Implications The findings from this research can be applied or referred to inteaching Chinese as a foreign language, compiling dictionaries, teaching Chinese inprimary and secondary schools, and use of Chinese language as well as researches of it.更多还原