【作者】 赵艳平；

【导师】 郭伏良；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 从语言类型看，汉语属于孤立语，形态变化不丰富，构词以复合法为主，由词根与词缀构成的附加式合成词占词语总数的比例小。但词缀可以说是汉语中最小而争议最大的语法单位，从术语名称、判定标准到范围界定，各家认识颇有分歧。本文以现代汉语词缀为研究对象，探讨关于现代汉语词缀的一些具体问题。全文分五章，第二到五章是本文的主体部分。第1章，绪论。介绍本文的研究对象和研究意义，说明本文的研究内容、理论指导、研究方法以及语料来源。第2章，对现代汉语词缀基本理论问题的再探讨。一是术语名称。我们通过对6个系列的术语名称从逻辑学、术语学两个角度进行比较，认为语缀（前缀、中缀、后缀）和词缀（前缀、中缀、后缀）两个系列比较科学。语缀和词缀的外延不同，应该有清晰界定，二者不宜作为同义概念使用；二是判定标准。我们认为：判定词缀应从位置固定、不成词语素、语义虚化、标示词性、构词能产、语音弱化六个方面综合考虑。其中前三条是必要标准，后三条是参考标准；第三个问题是现代汉语词缀的分类、范围和特点。关于分类，我们重点探讨了两类：真词缀、类词缀；语音化词缀、语法化词缀、语用化词缀。关于范围，我们比较了各家的不同并列举了本文认定的词缀。现代汉语词缀的特点有四个：数量少；前缀少、后缀多；类词缀多、真词缀少；构词能力有个体差异。第3章，结构词汇化而来的词缀。结构词汇化而来的词缀有两类：一是跨层结构词汇化而来的词缀；二是句法结构词汇化而来的词缀。跨层结构词汇化而来的词缀主要有“于”“乎”“然”“其”“为”，它们都是从独立使用的词演变为位置固定、语义虚化的构词语素—词缀。其词缀化的动因主要有三个：汉语双音节的韵律因素、与其前加词语线性相邻的高频共现、语义的虚化。句法结构的词汇化是指由词汇性成分和语法性成分组合而成的句法单位。我们认为：句法结构词汇化而来的词缀主要有“着”“了”“的”“地”“得”。与跨层结构词汇化而来的词缀不同的是，“着”“了”的语法化路径分为两个阶段：词→虚词→词缀。语法化动因与跨层结构大致相同。本章还探讨了包括“V得C”“V不C”的“得”“不”等是否为中缀的问题。第4章，探讨状态词词缀。主要围绕四个问题展开：第一，状态词词缀的种类。从语音角度看，有单音节词缀、叠音的双音节词缀BB、非叠音的双音节词缀和多音节词缀。其中叠音的双音节词缀BB最多，也最为复杂，只有意义虚化、位置固定、不成词语素BB才是词缀。第二，状态词词缀的来源。词缀BB来源于ABB结构，伴随着ABB短语的词汇化和BB语义的虚化，BB词缀形成。另外，ABB附加式词语模式形成后，有一些虚义的B直接重叠构成ABB词语。ABC和AxBC式词语由ABB语音变化而来。第三，状态词词缀的语用功能。具体说有四点：表达生动的形象色彩，表达程度的量级变化，表达褒贬的感情色彩，表达口语的语体色彩。第四，ABB词语的读音。以前，不论BB本调是否为阴平，BB多倾向于读作阴平，现在，BB则趋向于读作本调。第5章，探讨语言接触对汉语词缀和派生构词方式的影响。具体包括影响的方式、程度、结果和原因。语言接触对汉语词缀影响的方式主要有三种：一是某语素的词缀用法从罕见偶发到频繁使用；二是词缀的使用范围扩大；三是词根语素新增词缀用法；语言接触对汉语构词产生了积极影响，这种影响表现在两个方面：一是推动了汉语派生构词法的发展；二是促使汉语新增了一批构词活跃的词语模。由于语言发展有自身规律，汉语吸收的外来词缀，一般要经过汉语的改造，因此语言接触对汉语派生构词的影响是局部的、细节的，不是伤筋动骨的。其他语言的派生构词词缀之所以被汉语改造并吸收，除了社会的发展、国际间密切交流的客观因素外，还有几个因素值得关注：语用心理、传媒方式的转变以及语言的类推机制。在本文的结语部分，简要归纳了语法化形成词缀的动因与机制。语法化形成词缀的动因有两方面：一是语言因素。具体说，包括音节的韵律制约，语义的虚化，语法功能的转变以及语用心理；二是社会因素。语言接触也是导致语法化形成的一个重要原因。语法化形成词缀的机制主要是重新分析、类推和借用。这部分还总结了本文的重要结论，反思了本文研究的不足，提出需要继续深入挖掘和研究的问题。本文的创新点：一、提出了一些新观点。比如：我们认为判定词缀要区分必要标准和参考标准。词缀应具备的三个必要特征是：位置固定、语义虚化、不成词。其中不成词是词缀与词最主要的区别特征。再如：我们主张应明确词缀与语缀概念间的种属关系，明晰二者的外延。二、从来源角度对词缀进行分类。对人们以前关注较少的结构词汇化而来的词缀、状态词词缀、语言接触影响下的词缀进行较为深入的探析，从而揭示造成词缀复杂、与相关语言单位边界不清的根本原因。三、研究过程中除运用语言学研究方法外，还采用了多学科的研究方法，主要涉及逻辑学、术语学、传播学等相关学科理论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Looking from the perspective of language types, Chinese belongs to isolated language.Its forms lack variety. Word formations are mainly compounding. Additive compoundsconsisted of word roots and affixes occupy a small proportion in the total number of words.But we can say affixes are the smallest and most controversial grammar unit. Various scholarshave different understanding in term definition, criterion for judging and scope definition. Theresearch subject of this article is modern Chinese affix. The paper discusses some concretematters about modern Chinese affix.The paper consists of five chapters. The body of this article is from chapter two tochapter five.Chapter1is introduction. This chapter introduces the research subjects and significanceof this article, as well as the contents, theories, research methods and resources of corpus.Chapter2discusses the basic academic issues about affixes in modern Chinese language.The first issue is affix terms. We compare six series of terms from the perspectives of logisticsand terminology. Affixes (prefix, infix, and suffix) and language affixes (prefix, infix, andsuffix) are relatively scientific. Affixes and language affixes have different extensions. Theyshould be distinctly defined and can not be used as the same concept. The second issue isabout the criterion of affixes. We should give an overall consideration to determine an affix,from the perspectives of position, morpheme, semantic grammaticalization, marking of part ofspeech, word formation and phonological reduction. The first three criteria are essential injudging affixes; the last three criteria are for reference. The third issue is about theclassification, scope and characteristic of affixes. We mainly discuss three classifications:genuine affix and quasi-affix, configuration affix and morphological affix, pronunciation affix,grammaticalization affix and pragmaticalization affix. We compare various scholars’ differentideas about scope of affixes and list the identified affixes in this paper. We also analyze thecharacteristics of affixes in modern Chinese language. The characteristics include: lessprefixes, more suffixes; more quasi-affix, less genuine affix; individual diversity in word formation capacity.Chapter3is about affixes changed from structure lexicalization. There are two categoriesof them: one is from cross-level structure lexicalization, the other is from grammar structurelexicalization. Among the affixes from cross-level structure lexicalization, the fivecharacters“于”“乎”“然”“其”“为”are discussed in detail. They have evolved from independentwords to position-fixed semantic grammaticalization morpheme—affixes. There are mainlythree causes for semantic grammaticalization: rhythm of Chinese with two syllables, highfrequency of co-occurrence of words linear adjacent with the word before and semanticgrammaticalization. The lexicalization of syntactic structure refers to syntactic unit combinedwith lexical items and grammar items. We think affixes from lexicalization of syntacticstructure include “着”“了”“的”“地”“得”. These affixes are different from cross-levelstructure lexicalization in that the grammaticalization path of “着”“了”has two stages: Word—function word—affix. Their grammar items are almost the same with cross-level structurelexicalization affixes. The chapter also discusses the question of whether “得” and “不” of the“V得C” and “V不C” structure are infixes or not.Chapter4discusses the affixes of status words. It is developed around4issues. The firstone is about the categories of status words. The affixes can be categorized as one-syllableaffixes, repeated two–syllable affixes, non-repeated two-syllable affixes and multi-syllableaffixes. Among them, repeated two–syllable affixes BB are the most and most complicated.Only those grammaticalized, position-fixed and dependent morphemes are affixes. Thesecond one is about the resources of affixes of status words. Affix BB derives from ABBstructure. BB affixes come into being with the lexicalization of ABB phrases and thegrammaticalization of BB. In addition, after the formation of the mode of additional wordsABB, some grammaticalized B repeats directly to form ABB. ABC and AXBC words comefrom ABB with phonetic change. The third one is about the pragmatic function of the affixesof status words. There are four functions: to express vivid image, to express the level changeof degree, to express commendatory or derogatory meanings and to express stylistic featuresof colloquial language. The fourth is about the pronunciation of ABB words. BB used to be pronounced with the first tone no matter whether their original tone is the first tone. Now theBB inclines to be pronounced with the original tone.Chapter5discusses the influence of language contact to Chinese affixes and derivativemode of word-formation. It talks about the fashion, degree, result and cause of the influence.There are mainly three modes of the influence. The first is that derivative word-formationmode has been used from occasionally to frequently with language contact. The second is thatthe scope of the use of Chinese affixes morpheme has been expanded. The third is thatChinese word root morphemes have newly increased their usage of affixes. Language contacthas some positive influence on Chinese word-formation. The influence is shown in twoaspects: One is that it has promoted the development of Chinese derivative word-formation.The other is that some newly increased word models formed by quasi–affixes. Thedevelopment of language has its rule. Some foreign affixes absorbed by Chinese languagewill be transformed by Chinese. So there is not a one-to-one relationship between Chineseaffixes and foreign affixes. Some foreign affixes have been translated into Chinese. The morethey mix together with Chinese morphemes, the stronger their vitality is. Therefore theinfluence of foreign language to Chinese derivative word-formation is partial, in detail andnot fundamental. There are several factors for other languages derivative word-formationaffixes to be absorbed and transformed by Chinese. The factors include the development ofsociety, international communication, as well as pragmatic psychology, media mode andanalogy mechanism of language.The conclusion part summarizes the factors and mechanisms of affixes formation bygrammaticalization. There are two factors: language and society. The language factor includesrhythm constraint of syllables, grammaticalization, changes of grammar functions andpragmatic psychology. As to the society factor, language contact is a major cause leading togrammaticalization. The mechanisms are mainly re-analysis, analogy and borrowing. Thispart sums up the important conclusion of this paper, reflects handicap of the research and putsforward some issues that need to be explored in further studies.There are three innovations in this paper. ;Firstly, the paper puts forward some new ideas. For example, we think that there arenecessary standards and standards for reference in judging affixes. There are threerequirements to be an affix: fixed position, grammaticalization and not being a word. Notbeing a word is the main difference between affixes and words. We advocate that it isnecessary to define the species relationship between affixes and language affixes and makeclear the denotation of the two concepts.Secondly, the affixes are classified according to their resources. The paper gives athorough analysis of affixes coming from structure lexicalization, affixes of status word andaffixes under the influence of language contact. This paper reveals the essential causes ofaffixes’ being complicated and not having a clear boundary with related language units.Thirdly, In addition to linguistics research methods, this paper also adoptsmulti-disciplinary research methods, mainly including the theories of logic, terminology andcommunication.更多还原