【作者】 王利民；

【导师】 李金铮；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 新闻宣传，是宣传工作中最为重要的宣传方式。它既需要借助所处时代的多种新闻媒体展开，又需要具备一定的条件和基础。其中，军事环境、政治环境、经济环境、教育环境等对于新闻宣传工作的开展更是具有直接影响作用。晋察冀边区自建立开始，就通过改善政治、经济、教育条件以及提高军事实力等措施积极推进新闻宣传。在具体的新闻宣传实践中，晋察冀边区建立起了报刊、广播电台与通讯社相互声援和支撑的横向和纵向宣传网络。其中，报刊是对敌斗争和边区建设的报道者、组织者和鼓动者，是使党的方针政策与人民群众相联系的桥梁和纽带；广播电台和通讯社也是晋察冀边区新闻宣传网络的重要组成部分，并起到了宣传群众、组织群众、动员群众以及鼓舞群众斗志的重要作用。在宣传内容上，晋察冀边区党的新闻宣传，主要是围绕着中共革命斗争和边区建设进行的。其中，既有对中共抗战政策的宣传，如宣传全面抗战路线、宣传持久作战和驳斥亡国论等，也有基于扩大边区影响、争取广大民众支持和进一步巩固边区政权的相应宣传，还有着眼于争取国际社会支持的宣传，并且在不同历史阶段有着不同的宣传中心和重点。具体讲，抗战时期，主要是紧紧围绕抗日救国方针开展，本着这一目的，无论是对普通民众的宣传，还是对中间派别的宣传，亦或是对国民党的宣传，中共都以抗日救国为第一口号，体现了一切为了抗日、一切服从抗日的原则。解放战争时期，国共两党矛盾迅速取代了中日民族矛盾，尤其是1946年6月全面内战爆发后，国共两党矛盾更趋于激化，在这种情况下，晋察冀边区党的新闻宣传就转而服务于解放战争，由积极宣传抗日救国变为积极宣传反内战、反独裁和揭穿以蒋介石为首的国民党政府的欺骗阴谋上。这种随着形势发展而变换宣传内容和宣传重点的做法，体现了中共新闻宣传的鲜明目的性。在宣传策略上，晋察冀边区党的新闻宣传的最重要特点就是具有鲜明的战时性。具体讲，一是立场鲜明，积极主动进行新闻宣传；二是立足事实进行全面宣传；三是立足发动群众，进行重点明确的集中宣传和典型报道。历经中共努力，晋察冀边区的新闻宣传成效卓著，其具体表现就是，既传播了党的主张，扩大了党的影响，使得边区政权更为巩固；又在充当革命喉舌的基础上动员了群众参军参战；还推动了晋察冀边区各项政策的顺利实施。不过，尽管晋察冀边区党的新闻宣传的成效可观，其中所存在的问题也不容忽视，主要表现为：或是囿于上级要求宣传而机械宣传，而非因自身思想认识到位而积极主动宣传；或是在具体宣传过程中因理解有别而出现一定偏差，背离了上级本意，等等。应该说明的是，以上问题均是在“摸着石头过河”的过程中出现的，无须刻意苛责。而且中共在意识到所存在问题后也进行了积极应对和修正，亦即晋察冀边区党的新闻宣传在很多时候都是经过调适与变通之后才顺利开展的。而对这种具体过程的勾勒，也是既往研究中的缺失所在。当然，理性来看，无论任何研究，只有站在前人研究基础上才会更具前瞻性。本文亦不例外。不过，较之既往研究，本文在研究思路和方法上还是有着一定差异。具体讲，既往成果在涉及宣传政策和效果时，大多采用“政策—效果”式单一线性研究模式，而本文则力图有所区别，即运用“新革命史”研究理念，从国家与社会互动关系的视角全方位、多角度地勾勒晋察冀边区党的新闻宣传产生效果的具体过程，并重点阐释中共新闻宣传给日本、国民党与广大民众带来的影响，社会各界人士面对中共新闻宣传的多样反应，以及中共对新闻宣传工作的调适和变通，等等。然而，面对过程的复杂以及互动的多元繁复，仅仅依靠单一方法仍然无法进行有效解说。故而，本文在注重“新革命史”研究理念及历史学研究方法的同时，还力图融汇新闻传播学、心理学、政治学、社会学等多学科理论，以及文献分析法、比较分析法、归纳分析法等多种分析方法，以搜集到的档案文献和报刊资料为主要分析依据，从历史史实出发，进行实证性的创新研究，并拟通过对晋察冀边区党的新闻宣传的多维度解读，使人们对革命战争年代党的新闻宣传有一个窥一斑而见全豹的了解和认知，进而力求给当前的新闻宣传工作以历史启悟。更多还原

【Abstract】 News Propaganda is one of the important forms of communication. It works with boththe aid of news media of the day and necessary conditions among which military environment,political environment, economic environment and educational environment have direct effectson the Propaganda campaign. Ever since its establishment, the Chin-Cha-Chi military districthad promoted news Propaganda by actively improving political environment, economy,education and military power. Specifically, the district set up a lateral and vertical network inwhich newspapers, broadcasting stations and news agencies worked along with and supportedeach other. In that Propaganda network, newspapers were the reporters, organizers andmovers for fights against enemies and the building of the military district. They were also thelinks between guidelines and policies of the Party and local people. Broadcasting stations andnews agencies also played an indispensible part in publicizing, organizing, mobilizing andencouraging people of the district.The subjects of news Propaganda of the Communist Party of China(CPC) in theChin-Cha-Chi military district were mainly about the revolutionary struggle and building themilitary district. The Propaganda covered the policies of the CPC for the War of Resistanceagainst Japanese Aggression, like the guideline of total resistance, the tactic of protracted warand refutation of the theory of national subjugation. It also made efforts in spreading theinfluence of the district, winning the support of the public, further strengthening the regime ofthe district and calling for international help. The focus of Propaganda varied at differenthistorical periods. During the War of Resistance, for example, the Propaganda of the CPCprimarily centered on the guidelines on the resistance against the Japanese and saving thenation. According to this guideline, the Propaganda work of the CPC took resistance againstthe Japanese and saving the nation as first priority, either to the common public, to themiddle-of-the-roaders, or to the Kuomintang. This guideline of Propaganda embodied theCPC’s principle of “all for the resistance against the Japanese, all serve the purpose ofresistance against the Japanese.” During the War of Liberation, the conflict between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang displaced national conflict between China and Japan.When the full-scale civil war broke out in June,1946, the conflict between the two parties gotworse. Under this circumstance, Propaganda work of the CPC began to serve the War ofLiberation, whose focus switched from resistance against the Japanese and saving the nationto the opposition to the civil war and the dictatorship, to the disclosure of the conspiracy ofKuomintang government led by Chiang Kai-shek. This shift of content and focus in differentsituations displayed the purposefulness of the CPC’s Propaganda work.In terms of strategies, the CPC’s news Propaganda of the Chin-Cha-Chi military districtwas characterized by noticeable wartime orientation. Specifically, the characteristics were:1.the clear-cut stance and active manner were taken by the CPC governments in Propaganda;2.full scale Propaganda was made in accordance with the facts;3. intensive Propaganda andtypical report were made to mobilize the masses. With these efforts, the CPC of theChin-Cha-Chi military district achieved noticeable success in Propaganda work. ThePropaganda spread ideas of the CPC, expanded the influence of the CPC and furtherconsolidated the regime of the military district. As the mouthpiece of revolution, thePropaganda effectively mobilized the masses to join the army and facilitated the smoothimplementation of the district’s policies. The CPC of the Chin-Cha-Chi military district madeconsiderable effects in news Propaganda, but there were not without problems. ThePropaganda work was often done mechanically under the requirements of the superior, not outof the publicists’ thorough understanding of and their active reaction to the events. Andsometimes, there was discrepancy between the Propaganda and the intention of the superior. Itshould be noted that all the problems were the results of “wading across the stream by feelingthe way” and should not undergo too much blame. After all, active measures and correctionswere made by the CPC when the problems were exposed. That is to say, the CPC’sPropaganda work could not be done smoothly without adjustment and flexibility from time totime. However, research in the process adjustment and flexibility was rare in the previousstudies.From a rational perspective, any research needs insight from the previous studies. This study is no exception. Compared with the former studies, this study is unique either inapproaches and methodology. To be specific, most previous studies took the one-dimension“policy-effect” research method when investigating Propaganda policies and their effects.Adopting an approach of “New Revolutionary History”, this study attempts to start with therelationship between the nation and the society and to depict how the CPC’s Propagandaproduced effects from a multi-dimensional angle. This study will particularly focus on theeffects of the CPC’s news Propaganda upon Japan, Kuomintang and the general public,reactions from all the sectors of the society and the accommodations that the CPC made in thePropaganda campaign, etc.Obviously, to illustrate such complicated process and multiple interactions, variousmethods are necessary. So, along with “New Revolutionary History” approach, this study willincorporate other theories like history, journalism and communication, politics, sociology,psychology. Research methods used include document analysis, comparative analysis andinductive analysis. The material will mainly cover the documents, newspapers andpublications of that time. Starting from the basic historical facts, the study will make anempirical study in an innovative way; make a multi-dimensional interpretation to the newsPropaganda of the Chin-Cha-Chi military district, shed new light on the understanding ofnews Propaganda in the days of revolutionary war, and on the practice of current newsPropaganda.更多还原