【作者】 万汉斌；

【导师】 运迎霞；

【作者基本信息】 天津大学 ， 城市规划与设计， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 城市地下空间大规模发展是城市建设与经济发展达到一定高度的必然需求，但是如何融入城市空间体系是当前我国城市向更高质量发展的一个难题。当前城市建筑高度与密度的不断上升与地下空间基础的支撑严重脱节，导致城市地面空间十分拥挤，交通拥堵加剧、景观绿化不足、环境污染严重、人性化空间缺失等城市问题。新世纪来临，在我国城市经济建设能力快速提高的背景下，科学合理地进行城市地下空间综合开发与利用对于消解或缓解城市地面空间紧张，提升地上空间环境提供了强有力的支撑。本文致力于如何能够开发利用好城市地下空间，优化城市高密度发展地区的空间环境，建立紧凑型、立体化、高效率的城市空间体系这一问题的研究分析。与欧洲城市发展地下空间起始于地铁不同，我国城市地下空间源于早期人民防空工程的平战结合需求，缺乏最初将地下空间纳入城市空间一体化开发的初始契合期，但未来走向城市地上空间与地下空间一体化的发展方向是一致的。城市地下空间作为城市中潜力巨大的空间资源，能够满足地面、地上进一步的空间需求，地铁建设与地下建筑的快速发展使地下空间更加深入地融入城市空间体系。面向城市可持续发展愿景，探索城市地上地下空间一体化发展是城市空间体系优化的一个重要课题。随着我国城镇化的推进，城市人口高密度、建筑高密度、经济高密度三者交织在一起，对于城市特定地区即高密度建设地区的空间容量及需求猛增，从而产生了对城市高密度地区地上地下空间的巨大需求。另外，我国城乡结构发生转变，在经历了30多年的快速城市化发展后，由注重城镇化数量向注重质量进行转型，也需要探索城市人口高密度、建筑高密度地区城市地下建筑空间、地下交通空间与地下环境安全空间三者之间的融合途径、法则、模式等问题，实现城市紧凑化、高效化、立体化、复合化的健康发展道路。本文围绕城市地下空间在城市高密度地区的开发特点与开发方式，通过理清我国城市高密度地区空间开发属性、空间类型、密度特征，分析高密度地区空间集聚必要性和矛盾性。分析认为城市中心区、旧城核心区及轨道（TOD模式）周边高密度开发地区的地下空间系统性开发的需求最为强烈，引导这些地区地上地下空间的一体化开发，有利于实现土地高密度混合开发、地上地下城市空间一体化开发、城市交通立体化开发的发展目标。在论文内容组织安排上上，首先分析了当前地下空间在城市高密度地区的复杂性与需求的现实困境。力求通过理论发展研究、典型案例实证、实践经验总结及开展对一个特定旧城高密度商业区（北京东城区的旧城密集地区）更新改造地上、地下空间需求与矛盾的深入调研，论证高密度地区城市地上空间的矛盾性与复杂性，提出从地下空间一体化开发入手，支撑城市地上空间开发的巨大机遇。其次，文章选取城市高密度开发的四种典型地区，城市CBD地区、新城中心区、旧城核心区及高密度开发的轨道站点周边地区地下空间开发类型、强度、规模与地上空间开发密度之间的关系进行研究。通过分析地下空间在延伸城市功能、建筑空间组合、地下轨道交通与地下停车的空间组合方法及实践，论证城市地下空间与地上空间融合的创新策略与规划设计。再次，针对现代城市地下空间在安全及环境品质的高要求，论文研究地下空间开发的地质环境条件、地下环境质量标准及地下空间开发宏观与微观适应性等问题。针对未来城市地下空间环境品质要求研究如何改善地下空间的湿热、通风与除菌环境，通过地下空间生态化、艺术化、安全化设计实现建设生态化地下空间标准的策略。最后，论文总结并完善了当前我国城市地下空间的规划编制体系与设计方法。在城市地下空间建构方法上提出“柔性映射”、“紧凑聚合”、“网络岛链”、“捷径追踪”、“持续秩序”5项法则，在地下空间规划模式上提出“环形联结”、“脊轴带动”、“枝状生长”3种典型模式，有利于提升城市地下空间规划设计层次、内容及技术方法。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of underground space in a large scale is inevitable when urbanconstruction and economic development have reached certain level. Yet the trickypart is how to blend the underground space into the urban spatial system so as toimprove city quality in China. Nowadays, the construction of underground spacecannot catch up with the fast increase of building density. This will lead to manyproblems: shortage of urban floor space, aggravation of traffic jam, insufficientlandscape planting, serious environmental pollution, and lack of humanized space, etc.Our ability of economic construction has improved substantially, and under such abackground, comprehensive development and utilization of underground space ispossible. And a scientific and reasonable usage of underground space will relieve thepressure of land scarcity and improve the environment quality. This thesis is devotedto the exploitation and utilization of underground space, optimization of urbanenvironment in high-density development area, and the construction of a compact,three-dimensional and efficient urban space system.In European countries, the development of underground space started with theconstruction of subways. However, in China, our underground space was originallyutilized for air defense project in both peacetime and wartime. Therefore, from thevery beginning, we failed to incorporate the underground space into the overalldevelopment of urban space. The trend today is to balance the development andutilization of space overground as well as underground. The exploitation ofunderground space, which includes the construction of city subway and undergroundbuildings, has the potential to meet the increased spatial need. For a sustainable urbandevelopment, the integrative growth of overground and underground space is asignificant task for the optimization of urban spatial system.With the advancement of urbanization, problems of population high density,architecture high density and economic high density mix together and pose greatspatial needs for certain areas. In addition, urban and rural structure in China isundergoing changes. After30years of rapid urbanization, our focus has shifted fromurban quantity to urban quality. So in those cities, where the density of population and architecture is high, we should explore the methods, rules and modes of combiningunderground architecture space, underground transport space and undergroundenvironmental safety space together. Only in this way can we realize the compact,efficient, healthy, and all-around urban development.This thesis focuses on the development characteristics and development modes ofunderground space in high-density urban areas. Space exploitation attributes, spacetypes, density numeric features will be studied in this thesis; the necessity of spatialagglomeration will also be analyzed. Urban center, core region of old city and areassurrounding the rails (TOD mode) are in urgent need of systematic spatial expansion.And the realization of such expansion is highly possible in these regions. Guiding theintegrated spatial exploitation in these places is beneficial for the mixed landdevelopment and the three-dimensional transport development.Firstly, the thesis analyzes the huge demand and the complexity of undergroundspace in high-density cities. Through theoretical problem research, typical casedemonstration and practical experience summary, Beijing Wangfujing commercialdistrict (a commercial district of high density) will be investigated. And problems ofspatial demand and contradictions in this region will be thoroughly surveyed. Thisthesis expounds the complexity and dilemma of land usage in high-density areas andargues the importance of underground exploitation for supporting the overgrounddevelopment.Secondly, this thesis chooses four typical regions as study focus–urban CBD,new town center, core region of old city, and areas surrounding rail station. Theunderground space exploitation type, intensity, scale, and its relation with overgrounddevelopment density will be studied. This thesis will also study the methods andpractices of underground utilization; specific research problem include: the extensionof urban function through underground space, building space organization, organizingmeasures of subway transport and underground parking. On the bases of case studiesand planning proposal, this thesis will put forward the innovative design andtechniques of the integration of underground space and the overground space.Thirdly, a higher environment and safety standard is required for undergroundspace. Therefore, this thesis will study the geological environment and theenvironmental quality standards of the underground to be exploited. Bothmacroscopic and microscopic problems will be considered. Based on the requirement of high quality and high security, the underground space should value theimprovement of environmental condition, the amelioration of underground dampnessand heat, ventilation, and sterilization. Through the ecological, artistic as well as safedesign of the underground space, the underground space will be more compatible withthe overall built environment.At last, the thesis summarizes and perfects the planning formulation system andthe design procedures of underground space. In terms of the methods of spatialconstruction, the thesis puts forward five principles: flexible mapping, compactpolymerization, network island chain, shortcut track, and sustainable order. It alsoproposes three typical modes: ring connection, ridge axis drive, dendritic growth.Other points discussed in this thesis include: the level, content, and techniques ofunderground space planning design; the methods of integrated design of undergroundspace and overground space.更多还原