【作者】 闫彬；

【导师】 陈红；

【作者基本信息】 长安大学 ， 交通工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 山区高速公路桥隧群路段结合了桥梁、道路和隧道三种构造物形式，交通环境复杂，属于交通环境突变段，是交通事故的主要空间分布点。发生在桥隧群路段的道路交通事故多为群死群伤特大事故，致死率高。目前，国内外对高速公路隧道群整体、单个隧道、单个桥梁的安全研究较多，从系统角度将三者作为一个整体进行研究相对较少。山区高速公路桥隧群路段的事故统计数据缺乏，大多数研究都在定性地探讨山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车安全的重要性和管理措施等，事故安全机理分析不透彻。山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车事故的发生是行车过程中复杂灾变因素的耦合作用的结果，一般的交通事故致因理论难以解释桥隧群路段行车事故发生机理。因此，对山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车安全机理、驾驶员行为、车辆安全状态和行车安全控制策略等关键性问题进行研究，对于提高山区高速公路桥隧群路段交通安全性，有效降低交通事故率，创建安全和谐的道路交通环境意义重大。为深入探讨山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车安全机理，文中分析了桥隧群路段的结构型式、环境特征和事故影响因素，分析了桥隧群路段行车系统的耗散结构特性，提出利用熵理论和耗散结构来研究山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车系统安全机理，建立了熵流指标体系和系统安全熵模型，给出了熵流值的计算方法。最后，以“六武高速—安徽段”桥隧群路段为样本进行实证分析，对系统安全熵模型和计算方法进行了实例验证。结果表明：维持桥隧群路段行车系统的耗散结构是系统安全运行的基础，采用熵理论和耗散结构能够解释山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车安全事故发生机理，当|B|>1+A2时，该桥隧群路段行车系统为耗散结构，系统处于安全有序状态，当|B|<1+A2时，该桥隧群路段行车系统为非耗散结构，系统处于不安全状态。驾驶员行为研究是山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车安全研究中的基础和关键环节。心理测试是严把客车驾驶员入门槛的重要手段，视觉、感知和反应是驾驶员在实际驾驶操作过程中三个重要阶段或环节，其中的任何一个出现失误，都可能导致交通事故。基于此，首先，分析了驾驶员心理行为特性，并应用德尔菲法(Delphi Method)确定山区高速公路桥隧群路段客车驾驶员心理测试指标，通过对1400名客车驾驶员的测试，运用百分位数法确定了各项指标的正常值范围。其次，运用病例对照的方法，通过152对安全驾驶员和事故驾驶员的现场测试，验证了山区高速公路桥隧群路段客车驾驶员心理指标正常值及其评判方法是否合适。最后，采用驾驶适性检测仪器对山区高速公路桥隧群路段驾驶员生理、心理特性现场测试，通过数据分析，探索驾驶员视觉特性、感知特性和反应特性对山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车安全的影响，分析影响因素的相关性。针对山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车系统的脆性特性，将适应性Agent图论应用于桥隧群路段车辆安全状态的研究。首先，文中界定了桥隧群路段车辆安全状态的内涵，分析了其影响因素，采用“五行理论”对桥隧群路段行车系统车辆安全状态演化过程进行定性描述；其次，剖析了系统脆性与安全熵的关系，分析了桥隧群路段行车系统的崩溃过程，建立了桥隧群路段行车系统脆性行为的适应性Agent图；最后，依据安徽省山区高速公路桥隧群路段车辆追尾事故统计资料，对桥隧群路段行车系统脆性行为进行仿真，揭示车辆安全状态演化趋势，验证适应性Agent图在桥隧群路段行车安全方面应用的合理性和可行性。仿真结果表明：关键顶点的崩溃，短时间会导致整个系统的崩溃；各顶点状态初值决定着整个系统崩溃行为的发生；整个系统的崩溃有一定的延迟性。为提高山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车系统运行质量，首先，以桥隧群路段交通特征为切入点，分析山区高速公路桥隧群路段出口交通标志设置有效性和传递信息的条件，建立出口处交通标志有效设置模型；其次，分析高速公路桥隧群路段减速振动标线设置存在的问题，以人机工程学和交通流理论为基础，分析了驾驶员有效利用减速振动标线传递信息的条件，建立减速振动标线与山区高速公路桥隧群路段进出口安全距离的理论模型；再次，分析桥隧群路段限速的影响因素和确定方法，采用TOPSIS计算方法，确定了山区高速公路桥隧群路段限速值。最后，针对传统的评价方法主观性比较强、适用性差、结果精度不高等不足，采用可拓理论，建立基于可拓物元理论的山区高速公路桥隧群路段行车安全控制策略综合评估模型，并通过实例验证模型的科学性和可行性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Highways with Bridge-Tunnel group located in the mountainous areas are featured bythe complex traffic environment, which have three different structural types: bridges, roads,and tunnels and belong to the sections where the road environment changes sharply, and theyare the main space distributed spots of traffic accidents. The accidents happened inBridge-Tunnel group always lead to high causalities. Nowadays, the safety research mainlyfocus on the single bridge, single tunnel, and entirety of the group of tunnels of highways.However, the research is not enough when it comes to the comprehensive analysis of thecombination of these three aspects as the counter-influenced subjects. Moreover, because thelack of relative statistics of the accidents, most researchers always qualitatively study theimportance of safety driving in groups of bridges and tunnels sections in highways andmanagement measures, and the mechanism of the accidents is not fully analyzed. The trafficaccidents in Bridge-Tunnel group in highways located in the mountainous areas are thecoupling results of complex catastrophes factors in the driving process. The traditional causetheories of normal traffic accidents cannot be applied to explain the accidents, which occur inBridge-Tunnel group. As a result, the research on the key problems of the safety mechanismof driving in the group Bridge-Tunnel group in highways located in mountain areas, thebehaviors of drivers, the safety status of vehicles, and the strategy of traffic safety control, isimportant to enhance the traffic safety of the Bridge-Tunnel group in highways located inmountain areas, effectively decrease the amount of traffic accidents, and create safe andharmonious roads traffic environment.In order to study mountainous highway bridge-tunnel group safety mechanism deeply, inthis paper, the connotation of bridge-tunnel and driving safety is defined, and bridge-tunnelgroup driving system operation mechanism and characteristics of dissipative structure areanalyzed, and the security mechanism of highway bridge-tunnel mountain group drivingsystem is proposed, using the theory of entropy and dissipative structure, safety entropy indexsystem and system entropy model are established, and the entropy value calculating method isgiven. At last, the bridge-tunnel group of the expressway from liuan to wuhan is taken as anexample to verify the model and calculating method. The results show that, maintenance of the dissipative structure in bridge-tunnel group system is the foundation of traffic safety, andthe entropy theory and dissipative structure can effectively explain the occurrence mechanismof mountain highway tunnel group of traffic accidents. When|B|>1+A2, the bridge-tunnelgroup system is dissipative structure, which in safe state. When|B|<1+A2, the bridge-tunnelgroup system is dissipative structure, which in dangerous state.The research on behaviors of drivers is the fundamental and basic parts of the drivingsafety research of the Bridge-Tunnel group in mountain areas. Mentality screen is animportant method to keep the standard to become a bus driver. Vision, perception, andjudgment are three important stages for drivers in the practical driving process. Any loss ofanyone of these three may result in traffic accidents. The characteristics of psychologybehaviors of drivers are analyzed, and the mentality screen standard for bus drivers who drivevehicles in Bridge-Tunnel group in mountains areas is set up, by using Delphi Method. themethod of percentiles is used to ensure the range of normal value of different indexes by thetests for1400bus drivers,. Then, case-contrast method is used to verify whether the normalvalue and its judgment method of psychology indexes of bus drivers in Bridge-Tunnel groupin mountain areas are suitable, by field testing of152safe and accident causing drivers. Atlast, driving suit testing equipment is adopted to test and analyze the physiology andpsychology characteristics of drivers who drive in Bridge-Tunnel group in mountain areas. Byspot testing, effect of features of vision, sense and reaction on the driving safety inBridge-Tunnel group in mountain groups is studied, and the correlation of influencing factorsis analyzed.Directing to the brittleness of the driving system of the Bridge-Tunnel group in mountainareas, adaptive Agent graph theory is applied to the research of driving safety status of theBridge-Tunnel group in mountain areas. Firstly, the connotation of safety status of cars in theBridge-Tunnel group in mountain areas is defined, and its influential factors are analyzed.“Wuxing Theory” is adopted to describe the evolution progress of safety status of cars inBridge-Tunnel group in mountain areas, and the relationship between the safety entropies ofdriving system in Bridge-Tunnel group and its brittle behavior is analyzed. The adaptiveAgent graph of brittle behaviors of driving system of Bridge-Tunnel group is established. Atlast, rear-end collision accident in Bridge-Tunnel group is set as an example to simulate the brittle behavior of driving system of Bridge-Tunnel group in order to verify the reasonabilityand feasibility of adaptive Agent graph. The simulating results show that the collapse of keypoint will cause the collapse of the whole system in short time, the initial values of the state ofall points determine that the collapse of the whole system, and the collapse of the wholesystem has retardance.In order to improve the operation quality of Bridge-Tunnel group in mountainous areas,the effectiveness of setting traffic signs at the existence of Bridge-Tunnel group in mountainareas and the conditions of passing information are analyzed by studying the features oftraffic of Bridge-Tunnel group. The effective setting module of traffic signs at the existence isestablished. The existing problems of the setting of deceleration vibration lines inBridge-Tunnel group in mountain areas are analyzed. Using the ergonomics and traffic flowtheory, the condition which can be used by drivers to pass information by effectively usingdeceleration vibration lines is analyzed. By making advantage of the relationship between thevelocity of vehicles and the comfort and the features of visions of drivers, the theory moduleof the safety distance between existences and entrances of Bridge-Tunnel group in mountainareas and deceleration vibration line is established. The influencing factors and thedetermining methods of limiting speed in Bridge-Tunnel group are analyzed, and the speedlimit values of Bridge-Tunnel group in mountain areas by TOPSIS calculation is determined.更多还原