【作者】 王守文；

【导师】 徐顽强；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 行政管理， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 社会组织又被称为非营利组织、非政府组织等，20世纪70年代以来，伴随着“社团革命”的到来，社会组织得到了空前的发展，众多社会组织不断产生并且发展壮大，与政府和企业构成了一个能够满足人们多元，且不断变化的社会网络系统。随着经济的发展和社会的变迁，社会组织面临越来越多的挑战。为了有效发挥社会组织的使命、价值和作用，必须建立“政社分开、权责明确、依法自治的现代社会组织体制”。在现代社会组织体制导向下，为了避免社会组织的碎片化发展，形成社会组织集约化共生，在行政体制改革阻力日益加大的背景下，从技术层面入手更容易为各方利益主体所接受。有效运用管理技术工具优化社会组织发展环境、拓展发展空间，是当前切实可行的有效方式。评估作为一种主观价值判断，其评估结果的客观性更容易受评估主体、评估方法和评估指标等因素的影响。与评估理论相对成熟的西方国家相比，我国社会组织评估机制研究刚刚起步。我国对社会组织评估开展时间较短，尽管从上世纪80年代陆续开展了很多评估工作，但更多是管制背景下的一种评价式的监督。严格意义上，从2011年《社会组织评估管理办法》执行以后，真正的社会组织评估制度才建立起来。作为新兴的技术，社会组织评估在我国研究较少，对评估主体、评估方法和评估指标等主要评估要素研究比较泛化，理论层面研究更多是直接照搬国外经验，未进行中国特色的优化过程。无论是“3D”、“3E”还是“APC”理论，都侧重于某种标准的价值判断。本研究基于西方国家社会组织相对成熟的前提，提出社会组织发展粗放式的中国更应在不抛弃价值判断的基础上，侧重对于社会组织发展阶段的评估。社会组织所处发展阶段会影响着政府管理策略、社会资源的配置流向。为避免单纯价值评估侧重对成熟社会组织的倾向而忽视大量一般社会组织，在以全部社会组织为评估对象的理论设定下，提出“SCC”评估理论。“SCC”评估理论以社会组织发展生命周期为基础，以结构（Structural）、技艺（Craft）、文化（Cultural）三个维度为视角，在对组织生命周期阶段理论改造基础上引申为社会组织发展的三个典型阶段。以结构功能为主的创始阶段，以技艺功能为主的成长阶段，以文化功能为主的成熟阶段。通过“SCC”评估理论可以实现对任何社会组织的发展阶段认定。基于“SCC”评估理论的创新，本研究选择社会组织评估机制的三个关键控点展开。评估主体的独立性、专业性是保障对结构、技艺和文化维度客观、科学评估的前提。因此，独立的第三方评估机构的组织设置、能力构成和能力建设成为“SCC”评估理论推行的主体要素。评估方法选择的科学与合理直接影响评估结果的内容表现，本研究对众多评估方法进行特点比较，再充分考虑评估标准对评估方法选择影响的基础上，进行评估方法的配置优化，即在充分采取定量和定性方法进行综合评估后，再对评估结果选择定性分析，根据评估结果进行社会组织发展阶段的界定。评估指标设定是社会组织评估机制的核心要素，本研究根据“SCC”评估理论确定“SCC”社会组织评估理论的结构（Structural）、技艺（Craft）、文化（Cultural）三大评估维度的具体指标设计。重点突出“SCC”评估指标的设计是从不同维度对社会组织进行动态评估，以判定其发展阶段和显明组织未来的发展方向。依照我国法律法规对社会组织进行分类管理和评估的规定，将“SCC”社会组织评估理论再细化为分别以社会团体、基金会、民办非企业单位为评估对象的三大评估体系，并且在结构、技艺、文化维度下各有评估侧重点。本研究提出了“SCC”社会组织评估理论，“SCC”是一种将评价指标系统化的社会组织评估理论模型，其包含了结构（Structural）、技艺（Craft）、文化（Cultural）三大评估维度。“SCC”理论将合法性、效率、效益、公正和社会影响力等价值标准融合在组织发展由低到高的结构、技艺和文化三个阶段中，通过独立第三方机构评估来从三个不同的角度对社会组织进行动态评估，以判定其发展阶段和指出社会组织未来实现可持续发展的优化维度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Society organizations are referred to as non-profit organizations,non-governmental organizations, etc. Along with the arrival of the social revolutionsince1970s, social organizations has been an unprecedented development, a largenumber of social organizations continue to emerge and grow and develop, businessesand government began to work together to constitute a changing network system tomeet the diversity need of people.With the development of economic and socialchanges, the social organizations are facing more and more challenges.In order toeffectively play the social mission of the organization, a government-agency separated,clear responsibility spirit in accordance with the law of autonomy of modern socialorganization system must be established.Under the system-oriented spirit in the modern society organizations, in order toavoid the fragmentation of the social organization, the formation of the socialorganization of intensive symbiotic, and the background of intensive administrativereform resistance, starting from the technical level is more easily to be accepted by themain stream. Using management tools effectively to optimize the environment for thedevelopment of social organizations, to expand development space, is the mostpractical way. Assessment as a subjective value judgment, the objectivity of theassessment results is easier to be influenced by the assessment methods, assessmentobject and evaluation indicators. China’s social organizations’ evaluation mechanismtheory is just relatively mature compared to western countries.Our assessment of social organization only serves a short time, despite a lot ofevaluation work has already carried out one after another from the1980s, and most ofthem are evaluation-supervisions under a regulatory circumstance. Formally, after theexecution of the regulation of accessing social organization in2011, the real assessment system of social organization has been set up.As a relatively newtechnology, the materials of assessment of social organization are scarce, and thestudy of assessment methods, assessment object and evaluation indicators are juststaying on the generalization theoretical level,some theoretical research even just copyforeign experience,not experience Chinese characteristics optimized process.Nomatter "3D""3E" or "APC" theory,they are all focusing on some standard valuejudgments. In this study, the assumption is based on Western countries’ mature socialorganization premise, focusing on the assessment of the stage development of thesocial organization based on the preservation of traditional value, and the stage ofdevelopment of the society organizations has an influence on political policies and theallocation of social resources.In order to avoid the simple value assessment just focuses on the tendency of themature society organizations and ignores a large number of general societyorganizations,"SCC" theory takes all social organizations into consideration.Assessment theory of "SCC" formally takes social organization development lifecycle as foundation, looks the three dimensions of the Structural, craft and culturalperspective, and the idea was the development of social organization in theorganizational life cycle stage theory of transformation based on three typical stages.Founding stage is based on Structural function, growing stage is based on skillfunction, and the mature stage is based on cultural function. It can finally achieve thestage of development of any society and social organizations identified by theassessment of the theory of the "SCC".In this study, the evaluation mechanism of social organization is based on thetheory of innovation "SCC" assessment and chooses three important key points.The independence and professionalism of the object are the premise of thescientific assessment of the dimensions of the Structural, craft and cultural, andtherefore the organization set, ability and capacity building of the independent third party assess are the main elements of implementing the theory of the "SCC".Scientific and reasonable assessment methods selected have a direct impact onthe results of the assessment content and the performance, the research compares thecharacteristics of a number of assessment methods, look deep into many influentialevaluation criteria of assessment methods, and then select cautiously on the basis ofthe configuration optimization assessment methods, which means to choosequalitative analysis results of the assessment to select and define the stage ofdevelopment of social organization based on the assessment results after takingadequate comprehensive assessment of quantitative and qualitative methods.The setting of indicators for assessing is the core element of the evaluationmechanism of social organization, this study based on the theory of "SCC" todetermine "SCC" social organization assessment model from the perspective ofStructural, craft, and cultural. The point is that the design of "SCC" assessmentindicators is looked from different dimensions of dynamic social organizationassessment to determine the future development direction of its stage. Classificationmanagement of social organizations is made in accordance with China’s relevant lawsand regulations and provisions of the assessment, and the assessment model of thesocial organization of the concrete "SCC" is refined as social groups, foundations, andprivate non-enterprise units for assessing the three assessment system, eachassessment focus Structural, craft, and cultural dimensions.The main innovation points of this study are to propose the "SCC" theoreticalmodel for the evaluation of social organizations. The "SCC" is an evaluation model ofsocial organizations which systematizes evaluation index, including three evaluationdimensions of the Structural, craft and cultural. The "SCC" model fuses valuestandard of legality, efficiency, effectiveness, public welfare, and social influence inorganizational development from low to high Structural, art and cultural in the threestages, by an independent third party evaluation institution from the angle of three different social organizations for dynamic evaluation, to determine its stage ofdevelopment and points out that the optimized dimensions of sustainable developmentof social organization’s future.更多还原