【作者】 刘玺斌；

【导师】 马建；

【作者基本信息】 长安大学 ， 车辆工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 插电式混合动力电动汽车依靠电池独立驱动可连续行驶20~80km，超出该续驶里程采用发动机与电混合驱动行驶，并可使用220V工频电源对动力电池组直接充电。此外，中国典型城市公交循环工况是启停与加减速频繁，行驶速度低，续驶里程短，发动机怠速时间长燃油效率低，排放污染大。由此，普遍认为在目前电池性能瓶颈下，由于插电式混合动力城市公交大客车兼顾混合动力与纯电动两类电动汽车的优点，适用于在城市公交工况下运行，是从传统燃油城市公交到纯电动城市公交过渡的最优方案之一。然而，插电式混合动力城市公交大客车在动力总成选型与匹配集成、整车能量管理控制、制动能量回收以及整车设计与制造等方面还存在诸多亟待解决的关键技术问题，导致目前在国内外城市公交大客车市场上还鲜有实车运行。本课题围绕插电式混合动力城市公交大客车动力总成选型与匹配设计、整车控制策略、电池管理系统以及制动能量回收等关键技术开展算法与应用创新研究，具体地：1）针对动力总成匹配计算与选型，基于中国典型城市公交循环工况需求，提出了一种基于NSGA-II改进多目标遗传算法的传动系统结构设计、参数匹配优化及选型方案。首先确定传动系统为并联式结构设计，并对传动系统参数进行匹配研究。进而基于NSGA-II改进多目标遗传算法对变速器各档位传动比进行最优化设计。最终给出传动系统部件的具体型号和参数。结果表明该方案在满足动力性需求的同时，显著提高了整车经济性指标。2）针对整车能量管理控制，提出了一种基于规则的整车控制算法，结果表明该策略能保证整车动力性并改善燃油经济性。首先建立了基于CAN总线的整车分布式控制系统；然后设计了一套工况切换控制逻辑，以及一组纯电动机启动、纯发动机启动、纯电动运行、纯发动机运行、充电运行，电动机和发动机联合驱动运行以及再生制动等工况的控制算法；进一步建立了发动机外特性、电动机/发电机的转矩、功率与效率特性，以及电池充放电与荷电状态预测等仿真计算模型，建立了动力总成传动系统建模；最后基于开发的燃油经济性仿真程序完成了动力性与燃油经济性能评价。3）针对电池管理系统，提出了一个基于V流程的电池管理系统中荷电状态（SOC）估计模块的快速开发方法。首先，基于Matlab/Simulink软件平台，完成电池建模与基于扩展卡尔曼滤波方法的SOC估计算法开发，通过离线仿真完成功能验证。进而，通过Matlab实时工作间（RTW）代码自动生成工具将算法的Simulink模块转化为目标代码，基于前期开发完成的MPC555嵌入式平台，完成快速原型开发。最后，对通过快速原型测试的算法代码进行实车搭载并在线标定，完成动力电池SOC估算功能模块的实际测试。结果表明，基于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的SOC估计方法能够改善SOC估计精度，基于V流程的快速开发方法能够显著提高开发效率。4）针对制动能量回收，提出一种回收能量最大化的复合制动控制策略，建立摩擦制动子系统与再生制动子系统的仿真模型，兼顾ECER13制动法规、电动机、锂离子电池与传动系统特性约束，开展典型制动工况下复合制动系统制动力分配控制策略仿真实验研究。结果表明，各典型制动工况下，复合制动系统能够在保证制动安全性的前提下最大限度的回收制动能量。5）面向我国混合动力客车准入规范，开展了插电式混合动力城市公交大客车样车路测试验，测试指标包括百公里油耗、纯电动行驶里程、最高车速、加速时间、制动距离等。结果证实样车各项指标均合格，特别是燃油经济性优势更明显，表明本课题研究成果具有实用价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) can continuously run20km to80km solelydriven by the power battery. Beyond that range they can be driven by engine and the electricpower resource together. And besides, PHEV can use the220V50Hz power resource torecharge its batteries directly. On the other hand, the typical city bus driving cycle in China isthat start-stop and acceleration-deceleration work conditions are occurred frequently, drivingvelocity is usually low, driving range is often short, and the engines have to idle for a longtime with lower fuel-burning efficiency and heavy emission pollution. Therefore, consideringthe battery performance bottlenecks and due to the advantage that PHEV takes into accountthe advantages of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) as well as of purely electric-driven vehicles,PHEV is suitable for the city bus work conditions; it is one of the optimal solutions for thetransition from traditional fuel-consumed city bus to the pure electric city bus. There are manyof unsolved key technical problems for PHEV so far which result that few real vehicles run inthe domestic and international city bus market, such as transmission selection and matching,energy management and control for the whole vehicle, brake energy recovery, and vehicledesign and manufacturing etc.The research works are conducted for algorithm and application innovations focusing onthe key techniques on transmission selection and matching design, vehicle controllingstrategies, battery management systems and regenerative braking energy feedback.1) As for transmission selection and matching issue, to fulfill the requirements of thetypical city bus driving cycle in China, based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ), a design scheme is proposed for the transmission structure determination, forthe parameter matching and optimization, and for the component selection. Firstly thetransmission system is chosen a parallel structure design; the transmission system parametersare matched. And then, based on an improved NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithmeach gear transmission ratios are optimized. The concreted models and parameters of thecomponents for the transmission are proposed finally. The results show that the scheme canmeet the dynamic requirement, besides that it can significantly improve the economicindicators of the vehicle at the same time. 2) As for vehicle energy management and control, another kind of rule-based controlstrategy is proposed, it is proved that it can ensure vehicle dynamic and improve fuel-burningefficiency. Firstly, one CAN bus based distributed control system is built on. Secondly,control logics on work condition transition and control strategies on each work condition aremake out. The work conditions consist of pure motor start, pure engine start, running withpure electric, running with pure engine, charging, running co-driven by motor and engine, andregenerative braking. And then, simulation models are formulated such as the models forengine external characteristics, models for motor/generator torque, power and efficiencycharacteristics, models for battery charge and discharge, and models for state of chargeprediction. The system model for the whole powertrain is also drawn out. At finally, thedynamic performance and fuel economical performance are evaluated based on the fueleconomy simulation program we developed.3) As for battery management system, a V-flow based rapid development method for thestate of charge (SOC) estimation module in battery management system is proposed. Firstly,based on Matlab/Simulink software platform a battery model and a SOC estimation algorithmbased extended Kalman filter are formulated, and their function are verified via offlinesimulations. And then, the Simulink blocks of the battery model and the estimation algorithmare translated into targeted codes by Matlab real-time workshop (RTW) automatic codegeneration tools. And based on pre-development MPC555embedded platform rapidprototyping developments are completed. Finally the codes verified by the rapid prototypingare downloaded into the prototype vehicle and are calibrated online there, the SOC estimationfunction module validation is finished at this actual test. The results demonstrate that theextended Kalman filter based SOC estimation algorithm improves the prediction accuracy,and the V-flow can result in improvement on development efficiency.4) As for regenerative braking energy feedback, a hybrid braking control strategy is putforward which can maximize the regenerative brake energy. Simulation models for thefriction braking sub-system and the regenerative braking sub-system are established on.Considering the restrictions of the ECER13braking regulations, and of the characteristics ofthe motor, the lithium-ion batteries and the transmission, simulation experiments areconducted for the proposed braking force distribution and control strategy under all typical braking operation conditions. The results demonstrate that for all the typical braking operationconditions the composite braking system can effectively guarantee the braking safety andmaximize the recovery braking energy at the most degree.5) According to China’s hybrid city bus licensing authorization specification, actual roadtesting experiences are make on the developed plug-in hybrid city bus prototype vehicle,test indices include fuel consumption amount per100km, pure electric-driven mileage,maximum speed, acceleration time, braking distance, etc. The results demonstrate that all theindices are qualified, and the fuel economy advantage is especially obvious. It indicates thatthe results of this research have practical value.更多还原